Evolutionary Biology

  1. Speciation and the Origin of Species
    1. Defining a Species
      1. The Biological Species Concept
        1. Reproductive Isolation
          1. Limitations
          2. The Morphological Species Concept
            1. Morphological Distinctness
              1. Applications and Problems
              2. The Phylogenetic Species Concept
                1. Monophyletic Groups
                  1. Diagnostic Characters
                  2. The Ecological Species Concept
                    1. Ecological Niches
                    2. Other Species Concepts
                      1. Genetic Species Concept
                        1. Cohesion Species Concept
                        2. Species Concepts in Practice
                        3. Reproductive Isolation
                          1. Prezygotic Barriers
                            1. Habitat Isolation
                              1. Temporal Isolation
                                1. Seasonal Breeding
                                  1. Daily Activity Patterns
                                  2. Behavioral Isolation
                                    1. Courtship Behaviors
                                      1. Mating Preferences
                                      2. Mechanical Isolation
                                        1. Structural Incompatibilities
                                        2. Gametic Isolation
                                          1. Sperm-Egg Incompatibility
                                        3. Postzygotic Barriers
                                          1. Reduced Hybrid Viability
                                            1. Developmental Abnormalities
                                            2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility
                                              1. Sterile Hybrids
                                              2. Hybrid Breakdown
                                                1. F2 Generation Problems
                                            3. Modes of Speciation
                                              1. Allopatric Speciation
                                                1. Geographic Isolation
                                                  1. Vicariance Events
                                                    1. Mountain Formation
                                                      1. River Formation
                                                        1. Climate Change
                                                        2. Dispersal Events
                                                          1. Colonization of Islands
                                                          2. Evidence for Allopatric Speciation
                                                          3. Sympatric Speciation
                                                            1. Polyploidy
                                                              1. Autopolyploidy
                                                                1. Allopolyploidy
                                                                  1. Importance in Plants
                                                                  2. Habitat Differentiation
                                                                    1. Host-Race Formation
                                                                    2. Sexual Selection
                                                                      1. Runaway Selection
                                                                      2. Chromosomal Rearrangements
                                                                      3. Parapatric Speciation
                                                                        1. Environmental Gradients
                                                                          1. Hybrid Zones
                                                                            1. Tension Zones
                                                                            2. Ring Species
                                                                            3. Peripatric Speciation
                                                                              1. Founder Effect Speciation
                                                                                1. Small Population Size
                                                                              2. The Genetics of Speciation
                                                                                1. Identifying Speciation Genes
                                                                                  1. QTL Mapping
                                                                                    1. Candidate Gene Approaches
                                                                                    2. Genetic Incompatibilities
                                                                                      1. Dobzhansky-Muller Model
                                                                                        1. Epistatic Interactions
                                                                                        2. Hybrid Zones
                                                                                          1. Structure and Maintenance
                                                                                            1. Stability and Dynamics
                                                                                              1. Outcomes of Hybridization
                                                                                                1. Reinforcement
                                                                                                  1. Fusion
                                                                                                    1. Stability
                                                                                                  2. Chromosomal Speciation
                                                                                                    1. Inversions and Translocations
                                                                                                      1. Reduced Recombination

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                                                                                                  3. Evidence for Evolution

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                                                                                                  5. Macroevolution