Enzymology

Enzymology is the specialized study of enzymes, the protein or RNA catalysts that facilitate and dramatically accelerate the vast number of chemical reactions essential for life. As a sub-discipline of biochemistry and biophysics, it investigates the structure, function, and dynamics of these remarkable molecules, exploring the mechanisms of their catalytic action, their specificity for substrates, and their kinetics—the rates at which they perform. This field is fundamental to understanding metabolic pathways, cellular signaling, and disease, as it also examines how enzyme activity is intricately regulated within a biological system to maintain homeostasis.

  1. Introduction to Enzymes
    1. Definition of Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
      1. Distinction from Non-Biological Catalysts
        1. General Features of Catalysis
        2. The Role of Enzymes in Biological Systems
          1. Acceleration of Biochemical Reactions
            1. Maintenance of Homeostasis
              1. Role in Metabolism
                1. Role in Cellular Signaling
                2. General Properties of Enzymes
                  1. Catalytic Power
                    1. Rate Enhancement Compared to Uncatalyzed Reactions
                      1. Magnitude of Rate Acceleration
                      2. Specificity
                        1. Substrate Specificity
                          1. Reaction Specificity
                            1. Stereospecificity
                            2. Regulation
                              1. Temporal Regulation
                                1. Spatial Regulation
                                  1. Response to Cellular Signals
                                  2. Saturation Kinetics
                                    1. pH and Temperature Sensitivity
                                    2. Historical Milestones in Enzymology
                                      1. Discovery of Enzymes
                                        1. Early Studies of Fermentation
                                          1. Isolation and Purification of Enzymes
                                            1. Development of Enzyme Kinetics
                                              1. Nobel Prizes in Enzymology
                                              2. Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification
                                                1. The Enzyme Commission (EC) System
                                                  1. Structure of EC Numbers
                                                    1. Criteria for Classification
                                                    2. Major Enzyme Classes
                                                      1. EC 1: Oxidoreductases
                                                        1. Function and Examples
                                                        2. EC 2: Transferases
                                                          1. Function and Examples
                                                          2. EC 3: Hydrolases
                                                            1. Function and Examples
                                                            2. EC 4: Lyases
                                                              1. Function and Examples
                                                              2. EC 5: Isomerases
                                                                1. Function and Examples
                                                                2. EC 6: Ligases
                                                                  1. Function and Examples
                                                                  2. EC 7: Translocases
                                                                    1. Function and Examples