Enzymology

7.

Advanced and Applied Enzymology

7.1.

Non-Protein Catalysts

7.1.1.

7.1.1.1.

Mechanisms of Catalysis

7.1.1.2.

Biological Roles

7.1.1.2.1.

Ribosomal Peptidyl Transferase

7.1.1.2.2.

7.1.1.2.3.

Self-Splicing Introns

7.1.1.3.

Evolutionary Implications

7.1.2.

7.1.2.1.

Catalytic Antibodies

7.1.2.2.

Generation and Applications

7.1.2.3.

7.2.

Enzyme Engineering and Design

7.2.1.

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

7.2.1.1.

Techniques and Applications

7.2.1.2.

Structure-Function Studies

7.2.2.

Directed Evolution

7.2.2.1.

Methods and Screening

7.2.2.2.

Error-Prone PCR

7.2.2.3.

7.2.3.

Rational Design

7.2.3.1.

Computational Approaches

7.2.3.2.

De Novo Enzyme Design

7.2.4.

Semi-Rational Design

7.2.4.1.

Combining Rational and Random Approaches

7.3.

Clinical Enzymology

7.3.1.

Enzymes as Diagnostic Markers

7.3.1.1.

Plasma Enzymes in Disease Diagnosis

7.3.1.1.1.

Creatine Kinase

7.3.1.1.2.

7.3.1.1.3.

Alkaline Phosphatase

7.3.1.1.4.

Lactate Dehydrogenase

7.3.1.1.5.

7.3.1.2.

Interpretation of Enzyme Levels

7.3.1.3.

Reference Ranges

7.3.2.

Enzymes as Therapeutic Targets

7.3.2.1.

Inhibitor Development

7.3.2.2.

Enzyme Modulators

7.3.2.3.

Drug Design Strategies

7.3.3.

Enzyme Replacement Therapy

7.3.3.1.

Indications and Challenges

7.3.3.2.

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

7.3.3.3.

Delivery Methods

7.4.

Industrial and Biotechnological Applications

7.4.1.

Food and Beverage Industry

7.4.1.1.

Brewing and Fermentation

7.4.1.2.

Dairy Processing

7.4.1.3.

7.4.1.4.

Fruit Juice Processing

7.4.2.

7.4.2.1.

7.4.2.2.

7.4.2.3.

7.4.2.4.

7.4.3.

7.4.3.1.

7.4.3.2.

7.4.3.3.

7.4.4.

Pharmaceutical Synthesis

7.4.4.1.

Chiral Synthesis

7.4.4.2.

7.4.4.3.

Green Chemistry

7.4.5.

Molecular Biology Tools

7.4.5.1.

Restriction Enzymes

7.4.5.2.

DNA Polymerases

7.4.5.3.

Reverse Transcriptases

7.4.5.4.

7.4.5.5.

7.4.6.

Textile Industry

7.4.7.

Paper and Pulp Industry

7.5.

Enzyme Immobilization

7.5.1.

Methods of Immobilization

7.5.1.1.

7.5.1.2.

Covalent Binding

7.5.1.3.

7.5.1.4.

7.5.1.5.

7.5.2.

Advantages and Disadvantages

7.5.3.

Applications in Bioreactors

7.5.3.1.

Continuous Processing

7.5.3.2.

Reusability and Stability

7.5.3.3.

Mass Transfer Considerations

7.5.4.

Support Materials

7.5.4.1.

Organic Polymers

7.5.4.2.

Inorganic Materials

7.5.4.3.

Composite Materials

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6. Enzymes in Biological Context

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1. Introduction to Enzymes