Enzymology

6.

Enzymes in Biological Context

6.1.

Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways

6.1.1.

Catabolism and Anabolism

6.1.1.1.

Energy Production Pathways

6.1.1.2.

Biosynthetic Pathways

6.1.1.3.

Metabolic Integration

6.1.2.

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis

6.1.2.1.

Key Regulatory Enzymes

6.1.2.1.1.

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

6.1.2.1.2.

Phosphofructokinase

6.1.2.1.3.

Pyruvate Kinase

6.1.2.1.4.

Glucose-6-Phosphatase

6.1.2.1.5.

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase

6.1.2.1.6.

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase

6.1.2.2.

Reciprocal Regulation

6.1.3.

Citric Acid Cycle

6.1.3.1.

Key Enzymes and Regulation

6.1.3.1.1.

Citrate Synthase

6.1.3.1.2.

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

6.1.3.1.3.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

6.1.4.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

6.1.4.1.

Oxidative Phase

6.1.4.2.

Non-Oxidative Phase

6.1.4.3.

Regulation and Significance

6.1.5.

Fatty Acid Metabolism

6.1.5.1.

Beta-Oxidation Enzymes

6.1.5.2.

Fatty Acid Synthesis Enzymes

6.2.

Multienzyme Complexes and Metabolons

6.2.1.

Structural and Functional Advantages

6.2.1.1.

Increased Efficiency

6.2.1.2.

Protection of Intermediates

6.2.1.3.

Coordinated Regulation

6.2.2.

Substrate Channeling

6.2.2.1.

Mechanisms and Benefits

6.2.2.2.

Direct Transfer

6.2.2.3.

Electrostatic Channeling

6.2.3.

Examples of Multienzyme Complexes

6.2.3.1.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

6.2.3.2.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

6.2.3.3.

Fatty Acid Synthase

6.3.

Enzymes in Signal Transduction

6.3.1.

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

6.3.1.1.

Role in Phosphorylation Cascades

6.3.1.2.

Signal Amplification

6.3.2.

6.3.2.1.

G-Protein Signaling

6.3.2.2.

Ras Superfamily

6.3.3.

6.3.3.1.

Adenylate Cyclase

6.3.3.2.

Guanylate Cyclase

6.3.3.3.

Synthesis of Second Messengers

6.3.4.

6.3.4.1.

Phospholipase C

6.3.4.2.

Phospholipase A2

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7. Advanced and Applied Enzymology