Energy and Environmental Policy

  1. Policy Instruments and Implementation
    1. Regulatory Approaches
      1. Command-and-Control Regulation
        1. Emission Standards
          1. Technology-Based Standards
            1. Performance Standards
              1. Ambient Standards
              2. Technology Mandates
                1. Best Available Technology
                  1. Maximum Achievable Control Technology
                    1. Renewable Energy Standards
                    2. Operational Requirements
                      1. Operating Permits
                        1. Monitoring and Reporting
                          1. Compliance Schedules
                          2. Prohibitions and Bans
                            1. Substance Bans
                              1. Activity Prohibitions
                                1. Moratoriums
                              2. Performance-Based Regulation
                                1. Outcome-Based Standards
                                  1. Flexibility in Compliance Methods
                                    1. Continuous Improvement Requirements
                                  2. Economic Instruments
                                    1. Pricing Mechanisms
                                      1. Carbon Pricing
                                        1. Carbon Tax Design
                                          1. Tax Rate Setting
                                            1. Revenue Recycling
                                            2. Cap-and-Trade Systems
                                              1. Cap Setting
                                                1. Allowance Allocation
                                                  1. Banking and Borrowing
                                                    1. Market Oversight
                                                    2. Fee Systems
                                                      1. Pollution Fees
                                                        1. Resource Extraction Fees
                                                          1. Waste Disposal Fees
                                                        2. Tradable Permit Systems
                                                          1. Emission Trading Programs
                                                            1. Renewable Energy Certificates
                                                              1. White Certificate Systems
                                                                1. Offset Programs
                                                                2. Subsidy and Incentive Programs
                                                                  1. Tax Incentives
                                                                    1. Investment Tax Credits
                                                                      1. Production Tax Credits
                                                                        1. Accelerated Depreciation
                                                                        2. Direct Subsidies
                                                                          1. Grants and Rebates
                                                                            1. Low-Interest Loans
                                                                              1. Loan Guarantees
                                                                              2. Feed-in Tariffs
                                                                                1. Price Setting Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Contract Terms
                                                                                    1. Grid Access Provisions
                                                                                  2. Market Creation and Support
                                                                                    1. Green Procurement Policies
                                                                                      1. Public Investment Programs
                                                                                        1. Market Development Initiatives
                                                                                      2. Information and Voluntary Approaches
                                                                                        1. Information Disclosure
                                                                                          1. Mandatory Reporting
                                                                                            1. Public Information Systems
                                                                                              1. Environmental Labeling
                                                                                                1. Performance Benchmarking
                                                                                                2. Voluntary Programs
                                                                                                  1. Industry Partnerships
                                                                                                    1. Voluntary Agreements
                                                                                                      1. Challenge Programs
                                                                                                        1. Recognition Programs
                                                                                                        2. Education and Outreach
                                                                                                          1. Public Awareness Campaigns
                                                                                                            1. Technical Assistance
                                                                                                              1. Training Programs
                                                                                                                1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                              2. Research and Development Support
                                                                                                                1. Government R&D Funding
                                                                                                                  1. Basic Research Support
                                                                                                                    1. Applied Research Programs
                                                                                                                      1. Demonstration Projects
                                                                                                                        1. Deployment Support
                                                                                                                        2. Public-Private Partnerships
                                                                                                                          1. Cost-Sharing Arrangements
                                                                                                                            1. Risk-Sharing Mechanisms
                                                                                                                              1. Technology Transfer Programs
                                                                                                                              2. Innovation Incentives
                                                                                                                                1. Patent Systems
                                                                                                                                  1. Prize Competitions
                                                                                                                                    1. Innovation Challenges

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                                                                                                                                3. Environmental Challenges from Energy Systems

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                                                                                                                                5. Policy Analysis and Evaluation Methods