Energy and Environmental Policy

  1. Environmental Challenges from Energy Systems
    1. Climate Change and Energy
      1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
        1. Carbon Dioxide Sources
          1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
            1. Industrial Processes
              1. Land Use Changes
              2. Methane Sources
                1. Natural Gas Systems
                  1. Coal Mining
                    1. Landfills
                      1. Agriculture
                      2. Nitrous Oxide Sources
                        1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
                          1. Industrial Processes
                            1. Agricultural Practices
                            2. Fluorinated Gas Sources
                              1. Refrigeration Systems
                                1. Industrial Applications
                              2. Carbon Cycle Disruption
                                1. Natural Carbon Reservoirs
                                  1. Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions
                                    1. Carbon Sinks and Sequestration
                                    2. Climate System Impacts
                                      1. Temperature Changes
                                        1. Precipitation Patterns
                                          1. Sea Level Rise
                                            1. Extreme Weather Events
                                            2. Climate Feedback Mechanisms
                                              1. Ice-Albedo Feedback
                                                1. Water Vapor Feedback
                                                  1. Permafrost Feedback
                                                    1. Forest Feedback
                                                    2. Climate Change Impacts on Energy Systems
                                                      1. Infrastructure Vulnerability
                                                        1. Cooling and Heating Demand Changes
                                                          1. Renewable Resource Variability
                                                            1. Grid Reliability Challenges
                                                          2. Air Quality and Pollution
                                                            1. Criteria Air Pollutants
                                                              1. Particulate Matter
                                                                1. PM2.5 and PM10
                                                                  1. Sources and Formation
                                                                    1. Health Effects
                                                                    2. Ground-Level Ozone
                                                                      1. Photochemical Formation
                                                                        1. Precursor Emissions
                                                                          1. Health and Environmental Effects
                                                                          2. Sulfur Dioxide
                                                                            1. Emission Sources
                                                                              1. Acid Rain Formation
                                                                                1. Health Effects
                                                                                2. Nitrogen Oxides
                                                                                  1. Emission Sources
                                                                                    1. Environmental Effects
                                                                                      1. Health Impacts
                                                                                      2. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                        1. Emission Sources
                                                                                          1. Health Effects
                                                                                          2. Lead
                                                                                            1. Historical Sources
                                                                                              1. Health Effects
                                                                                            2. Hazardous Air Pollutants
                                                                                              1. Mercury Emissions
                                                                                                1. Sources and Pathways
                                                                                                  1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                    1. Health Effects
                                                                                                    2. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                                      1. Emission Sources
                                                                                                        1. Ozone Formation
                                                                                                          1. Health Effects
                                                                                                          2. Persistent Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                            1. Sources and Properties
                                                                                                              1. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                                1. Health Effects
                                                                                                              2. Regional Air Quality Issues
                                                                                                                1. Urban Air Pollution
                                                                                                                  1. Transboundary Pollution
                                                                                                                    1. Visibility Impairment
                                                                                                                      1. Acid Deposition
                                                                                                                    2. Water Resources and Quality
                                                                                                                      1. Water Consumption in Energy Production
                                                                                                                        1. Thermoelectric Power Plant Cooling
                                                                                                                          1. Hydroelectric Reservoirs
                                                                                                                            1. Biofuel Irrigation
                                                                                                                              1. Hydrogen Production
                                                                                                                              2. Water Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Pollution
                                                                                                                                  1. Cooling Water Discharge
                                                                                                                                    1. Aquatic Ecosystem Effects
                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Contamination
                                                                                                                                      1. Coal Ash Disposal
                                                                                                                                        1. Hydraulic Fracturing
                                                                                                                                          1. Mining Runoff
                                                                                                                                          2. Oil Spills
                                                                                                                                            1. Marine Spills
                                                                                                                                              1. Pipeline Spills
                                                                                                                                                1. Groundwater Contamination
                                                                                                                                              2. Water-Energy Nexus
                                                                                                                                                1. Energy for Water Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Water for Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Competing Water Uses
                                                                                                                                                      1. Drought Impacts on Energy
                                                                                                                                                    2. Land Use and Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Alteration
                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Habitat Loss
                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Edge Effects
                                                                                                                                                              1. Species Displacement
                                                                                                                                                              2. Mining and Extraction Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                1. Surface Mining Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subsidence from Underground Mining
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Waste Rock and Tailings
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reclamation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Infrastructure Development
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Transmission Line Corridors
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pipeline Rights-of-Way
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Access Road Construction
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Facility Footprints
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Renewable Energy Land Use
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Solar Installation Footprints
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wind Farm Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydroelectric Reservoir Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioenergy Crop Production
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Waste Generation and Management
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fossil Fuel Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coal Combustion Residuals
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fly Ash
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bottom Ash
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Scrubber Sludge
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Oil and Gas Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Produced Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drilling Muds
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contaminated Soils
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nuclear Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. High-Level Radioactive Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transuranic Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Low-Level Radioactive Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mixed Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Renewable Energy Wastes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Solar Panel End-of-Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wind Turbine Blade Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Battery Recycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Waste Management Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Waste Minimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Recycling and Reuse
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Treatment Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disposal Methods

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Energy System Components and Technologies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Policy Instruments and Implementation