Energy and Environmental Policy

  1. Energy System Components and Technologies
    1. Fossil Fuel Systems
      1. Coal Energy Systems
        1. Coal Types and Properties
          1. Anthracite
            1. Bituminous Coal
              1. Sub-bituminous Coal
                1. Lignite
                2. Coal Extraction Methods
                  1. Surface Mining Techniques
                    1. Underground Mining Methods
                      1. Mountaintop Removal
                        1. Coal Preparation and Washing
                        2. Coal Utilization Technologies
                          1. Pulverized Coal Combustion
                            1. Fluidized Bed Combustion
                              1. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
                                1. Coal-to-Liquids Processes
                                2. Coal Transportation and Storage
                                  1. Rail Transportation
                                    1. Barge Transportation
                                      1. Coal Storage Facilities
                                      2. Environmental Impacts of Coal
                                        1. Air Emissions
                                          1. Water Pollution
                                            1. Solid Waste Generation
                                              1. Land Disturbance
                                            2. Petroleum Systems
                                              1. Petroleum Resources
                                                1. Conventional Oil
                                                  1. Unconventional Oil
                                                    1. Oil Sands
                                                      1. Shale Oil
                                                      2. Petroleum Exploration and Production
                                                        1. Geological Surveys
                                                          1. Drilling Technologies
                                                            1. Enhanced Oil Recovery
                                                              1. Offshore Production
                                                              2. Petroleum Refining
                                                                1. Crude Oil Processing
                                                                  1. Refinery Products
                                                                    1. Refinery Emissions
                                                                    2. Petroleum Transportation
                                                                      1. Pipeline Systems
                                                                        1. Tanker Transportation
                                                                          1. Storage Facilities
                                                                          2. Environmental Impacts of Petroleum
                                                                            1. Exploration Impacts
                                                                              1. Production Impacts
                                                                                1. Refining Impacts
                                                                                  1. Transportation Risks
                                                                                2. Natural Gas Systems
                                                                                  1. Natural Gas Resources
                                                                                    1. Conventional Gas Reservoirs
                                                                                      1. Shale Gas
                                                                                        1. Tight Gas
                                                                                          1. Coalbed Methane
                                                                                            1. Gas Hydrates
                                                                                            2. Natural Gas Extraction
                                                                                              1. Conventional Drilling
                                                                                                1. Hydraulic Fracturing
                                                                                                  1. Horizontal Drilling
                                                                                                    1. Well Completion Techniques
                                                                                                    2. Natural Gas Processing
                                                                                                      1. Gas Treatment
                                                                                                        1. Natural Gas Liquids Extraction
                                                                                                          1. Gas Quality Standards
                                                                                                          2. Natural Gas Transportation and Storage
                                                                                                            1. Pipeline Infrastructure
                                                                                                              1. Liquefied Natural Gas
                                                                                                                1. Underground Storage
                                                                                                                  1. Peak Shaving Facilities
                                                                                                                  2. Natural Gas Utilization
                                                                                                                    1. Power Generation
                                                                                                                      1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                        1. Residential and Commercial Use
                                                                                                                          1. Transportation Fuel
                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas
                                                                                                                            1. Methane Emissions
                                                                                                                              1. Air Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                1. Water Resource Impacts
                                                                                                                                  1. Induced Seismicity
                                                                                                                              2. Nuclear Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Nuclear Physics Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                  1. Atomic Structure
                                                                                                                                    1. Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                      1. Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                        1. Nuclear Binding Energy
                                                                                                                                        2. Nuclear Fission Technology
                                                                                                                                          1. Fission Process
                                                                                                                                            1. Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                              1. Critical Mass
                                                                                                                                                1. Reactor Control
                                                                                                                                                2. Nuclear Reactor Types
                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressurized Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Boiling Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                      2. Heavy Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                        1. Fast Breeder Reactors
                                                                                                                                                          1. Advanced Reactor Designs
                                                                                                                                                          2. Nuclear Fuel Cycle
                                                                                                                                                            1. Uranium Mining and Milling
                                                                                                                                                              1. Uranium Conversion and Enrichment
                                                                                                                                                                1. Fuel Fabrication
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reactor Operation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spent Fuel Management
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reprocessing
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nuclear Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Defense in Depth
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Safety Systems Design
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Emergency Core Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Containment Systems
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nuclear Waste Management
                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Intermediate-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Low-Level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Waste Storage Options
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Geological Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nuclear Proliferation Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Weapons-Grade Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safeguards and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Non-Proliferation Treaties
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Renewable Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Solar Energy Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Solar Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Photovoltaic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Silicon Solar Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thin-Film Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Concentrated Photovoltaics
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. System Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Installation and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Solar Thermal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flat Plate Collectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evacuated Tube Collectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Solar Water Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Solar Space Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Concentrated Solar Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parabolic Trough Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Solar Power Towers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dish-Engine Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermal Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wind Energy Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wind Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wind Turbine Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Horizontal Axis Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vertical Axis Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Turbine Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Power Curves and Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Onshore Wind Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Grid Connection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Operation and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Offshore Wind Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Foundation Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Installation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transmission Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hydroelectric Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydrology and Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Large-Scale Hydroelectric Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Turbine Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reservoir Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Small-Scale Hydroelectric Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Run-of-River Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Micro-Hydro Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Low-Head Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pumped Storage Hydropower
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grid Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biomass and Bioenergy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biomass Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Forest Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Agricultural Residues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Crops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Algae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Waste Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biomass Conversion Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Combustion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gasification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pyrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biofuel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ethanol Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biodiesel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Advanced Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biogas Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sustainability Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Land Use Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Food vs Fuel Debate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lifecycle Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Certification Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Geothermal Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Geothermal Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrothermal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enhanced Geothermal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ground Source Heat Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Geothermal Power Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dry Steam Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flash Steam Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Binary Cycle Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Direct Use Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Space Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Industrial Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Agricultural Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ocean Energy Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tidal Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tidal Barrages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tidal Stream Generators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tidal Lagoons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Wave Energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wave Energy Converters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shoreline Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Offshore Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. OTEC Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resource Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Energy Storage and Grid Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Energy Storage Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electrochemical Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lithium-Ion Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lead-Acid Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flow Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mechanical Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pumped Hydro Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Compressed Air Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flywheel Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Thermal Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sensible Heat Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Latent Heat Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermochemical Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydrogen Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Synthetic Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electrical Grid Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Grid Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Generation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Transmission Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distribution Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Customer Connections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Grid Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Load Balancing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Frequency Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Voltage Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Grid Modernization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Smart Grid Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advanced Metering Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Demand Response Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grid Automation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Grid Reliability and Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reliability Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contingency Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cybersecurity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Physical Security

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Environmental Challenges from Energy Systems