Energy and Environment

  1. Energy Policy, Economics, and Society
    1. Environmental Policy Instruments
      1. Regulatory Approaches
        1. Command and Control Regulations
          1. Emission Standards
            1. Technology Standards
              1. Renewable Portfolio Standards
              2. Market-based Instruments
                1. Carbon Pricing
                  1. Carbon Taxes
                    1. Cap-and-trade Systems
                      1. Carbon Offsets
                      2. Subsidies and Incentives
                        1. Production Tax Credits
                          1. Investment Tax Credits
                            1. Feed-in Tariffs
                              1. Net Metering
                            2. Information-based Instruments
                              1. Energy Labeling
                                1. Disclosure Requirements
                                  1. Voluntary Programs
                                2. International Climate Governance
                                  1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
                                    1. Kyoto Protocol
                                      1. Flexible Mechanisms
                                        1. Clean Development Mechanism
                                        2. Paris Agreement
                                          1. Nationally Determined Contributions
                                            1. Global Stocktake
                                              1. Climate Finance
                                              2. Other International Agreements
                                                1. Montreal Protocol
                                                  1. Regional Climate Initiatives
                                                2. Energy Economics
                                                  1. Energy Markets
                                                    1. Electricity Markets
                                                      1. Wholesale Markets
                                                        1. Retail Markets
                                                          1. Capacity Markets
                                                          2. Fossil Fuel Markets
                                                            1. Carbon Markets
                                                            2. Energy Pricing
                                                              1. Cost Components
                                                                1. Price Formation
                                                                  1. Price Volatility
                                                                    1. Subsidies and Externalities
                                                                    2. Economic Analysis Tools
                                                                      1. Levelized Cost of Energy
                                                                        1. Net Present Value
                                                                          1. Internal Rate of Return
                                                                            1. Social Cost of Carbon
                                                                            2. Energy Investment
                                                                              1. Capital Requirements
                                                                                1. Risk Assessment
                                                                                  1. Financing Mechanisms
                                                                                    1. Public-private Partnerships
                                                                                  2. Energy Security
                                                                                    1. Energy Security Dimensions
                                                                                      1. Availability
                                                                                        1. Accessibility
                                                                                          1. Affordability
                                                                                            1. Acceptability
                                                                                            2. Supply Security
                                                                                              1. Resource Diversification
                                                                                                1. Strategic Reserves
                                                                                                  1. Import Dependence
                                                                                                  2. Infrastructure Security
                                                                                                    1. Critical Infrastructure Protection
                                                                                                      1. Cybersecurity
                                                                                                        1. Physical Security
                                                                                                        2. Geopolitics of Energy
                                                                                                          1. Resource Nationalism
                                                                                                            1. Energy Diplomacy
                                                                                                              1. Trade Relationships
                                                                                                            2. Social Dimensions of Energy
                                                                                                              1. Energy Justice
                                                                                                                1. Distributive Justice
                                                                                                                  1. Procedural Justice
                                                                                                                    1. Recognition Justice
                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Justice
                                                                                                                      1. Disproportionate Impacts
                                                                                                                        1. Community Engagement
                                                                                                                          1. Cumulative Impacts
                                                                                                                          2. Energy Poverty
                                                                                                                            1. Definitions and Measurement
                                                                                                                              1. Causes and Consequences
                                                                                                                                1. Policy Responses
                                                                                                                                2. Public Participation
                                                                                                                                  1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                    1. Social License to Operate
                                                                                                                                      1. NIMBY Syndrome
                                                                                                                                      2. Energy Democracy
                                                                                                                                        1. Community Energy Projects
                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Cooperatives
                                                                                                                                            1. Local Ownership Models

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                                                                                                                                        6. Energy Systems Integration and Storage

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                                                                                                                                        8. Analysis and Future Outlook