Energy and Environment

  1. Conventional Energy Sources and Environmental Impacts
    1. Fossil Fuels Overview
      1. Formation and Geology
        1. Geological Processes
          1. Timescales of Formation
            1. Sedimentary Rock Formation
            2. Global Distribution and Reserves
              1. Energy Content and Characteristics
              2. Coal
                1. Types and Classification
                  1. Lignite
                    1. Sub-bituminous Coal
                      1. Bituminous Coal
                        1. Anthracite
                          1. Energy Content Comparison
                          2. Extraction Methods
                            1. Surface Mining
                              1. Strip Mining
                                1. Open-pit Mining
                                  1. Mountaintop Removal
                                  2. Underground Mining
                                    1. Room and Pillar Method
                                      1. Longwall Mining
                                        1. Safety Considerations
                                      2. Coal Processing and Preparation
                                        1. Washing and Cleaning
                                          1. Size Reduction
                                            1. Quality Improvement
                                            2. Combustion and Power Generation
                                              1. Coal-fired Power Plants
                                                1. Pulverized Coal Plants
                                                  1. Fluidized Bed Combustion
                                                  2. Emission Control Technologies
                                                    1. Scrubbers for SO2 Removal
                                                      1. NOx Reduction Systems
                                                        1. Particulate Control
                                                      2. Environmental Impacts
                                                        1. Air Pollution
                                                          1. Sulfur Oxides
                                                            1. Nitrogen Oxides
                                                              1. Particulate Matter
                                                                1. Mercury Emissions
                                                                2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
                                                                  1. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
                                                                    1. Methane from Mining
                                                                    2. Land Degradation
                                                                      1. Habitat Destruction
                                                                        1. Soil Erosion
                                                                          1. Landscape Alteration
                                                                          2. Water Impacts
                                                                            1. Acid Mine Drainage
                                                                              1. Contaminated Runoff
                                                                                1. Water Consumption for Cooling
                                                                              2. Coal Ash and Waste Management
                                                                                1. Fly Ash Disposal
                                                                                  1. Bottom Ash Management
                                                                                    1. Environmental Risks
                                                                                  2. Petroleum
                                                                                    1. Formation and Characteristics
                                                                                      1. Organic Matter Transformation
                                                                                        1. Migration and Accumulation
                                                                                          1. Crude Oil Composition
                                                                                          2. Exploration and Production
                                                                                            1. Seismic Surveys
                                                                                              1. Drilling Technologies
                                                                                                1. Conventional Drilling
                                                                                                  1. Directional Drilling
                                                                                                    1. Horizontal Drilling
                                                                                                    2. Offshore vs Onshore Operations
                                                                                                      1. Enhanced Oil Recovery
                                                                                                      2. Refining and Products
                                                                                                        1. Distillation Process
                                                                                                          1. Cracking and Reforming
                                                                                                            1. Major Petroleum Products
                                                                                                              1. Gasoline
                                                                                                                1. Diesel Fuel
                                                                                                                  1. Jet Fuel
                                                                                                                    1. Heating Oil
                                                                                                                      1. Petrochemicals
                                                                                                                    2. Transportation Infrastructure
                                                                                                                      1. Pipelines
                                                                                                                        1. Tankers and Shipping
                                                                                                                          1. Storage Facilities
                                                                                                                            1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                            2. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                              1. Air Pollution from Combustion
                                                                                                                                1. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                                                                  1. Carbon Monoxide
                                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Oxides
                                                                                                                                      1. Particulate Matter
                                                                                                                                      2. Oil Spills
                                                                                                                                        1. Marine Pollution
                                                                                                                                          1. Ecological Consequences
                                                                                                                                            1. Cleanup Technologies
                                                                                                                                            2. Groundwater Contamination
                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Disruption from Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                              2. Geopolitical Considerations
                                                                                                                                                1. Resource Distribution
                                                                                                                                                  1. Energy Security Issues
                                                                                                                                                    1. Price Volatility
                                                                                                                                                  2. Natural Gas
                                                                                                                                                    1. Composition and Properties
                                                                                                                                                      1. Methane Content
                                                                                                                                                        1. Associated Gases
                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Density
                                                                                                                                                          2. Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                                            1. Conventional Gas Wells
                                                                                                                                                              1. Unconventional Resources
                                                                                                                                                                1. Shale Gas
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tight Gas
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coalbed Methane
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hydraulic Fracturing
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Process Overview
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemicals and Water Use
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Well Completion Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Processing and Transportation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gas Processing Plants
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Separation Processes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Purification
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pipeline Infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Transmission Pipelines
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Liquefied Natural Gas
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Liquefaction Process
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. LNG Transportation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Regasification
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Residential and Commercial Use
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Power Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gas Turbines
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Combined Cycle Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cogeneration Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Methane Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fugitive Emissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Venting and Flaring
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Contamination Risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Induced Seismicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Air Quality Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Land Use Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nuclear Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nuclear Physics Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Atomic Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Radioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nuclear Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fission Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chain Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Critical Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nuclear Fuel Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Uranium Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Open-pit Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Underground Mining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. In-situ Leaching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Uranium Milling and Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Uranium Enrichment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gas Centrifuge Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gaseous Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fuel Fabrication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reactor Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spent Fuel Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Interim Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reprocessing Options
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Waste Disposal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Low-level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High-level Waste
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Geological Repositories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nuclear Reactor Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pressurized Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Boiling Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Heavy Water Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Advanced Reactor Designs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Generation III+ Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Small Modular Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Generation IV Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nuclear Safety Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Defense in Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Containment Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Emergency Core Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Passive Safety Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Environmental and Safety Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Radioactive Waste Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nuclear Accidents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Three Mile Island
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chernobyl
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fukushima
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lessons Learned
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nuclear Proliferation Concerns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Decommissioning Challenges

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Energy and Environment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Cross-Cutting Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems