Earth System Science

  1. The Anthropocene
    1. Global Climate Change
      1. Evidence for Warming
        1. Instrumental Records
          1. Paleoclimate Data
            1. Observed Impacts
            2. Anthropogenic Forcings
              1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
                1. Carbon Dioxide
                  1. Methane
                    1. Nitrous Oxide
                    2. Aerosols
                      1. Sources and Types
                        1. Radiative Effects
                      2. Impacts on Earth's Spheres
                        1. Geosphere
                          1. Hydrosphere
                            1. Atmosphere
                              1. Biosphere
                            2. Land Use and Land Cover Change
                              1. Deforestation
                                1. Causes and Consequences
                                2. Urbanization
                                  1. Urban Heat Island Effect
                                  2. Agriculture
                                    1. Land Conversion
                                      1. Soil Degradation
                                    2. Alteration of Biogeochemical Cycles
                                      1. Carbon Cycle Perturbations
                                        1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
                                          1. Land Use Change
                                          2. Nitrogen Fixation and Fertilizers
                                            1. Industrial Fixation
                                              1. Agricultural Runoff
                                            2. Pollution
                                              1. Air Pollution and Acid Rain
                                                1. Major Pollutants
                                                  1. Acid Deposition Processes
                                                  2. Water Pollution and Eutrophication
                                                    1. Nutrient Loading
                                                      1. Algal Blooms
                                                      2. Plastic Pollution
                                                        1. Sources and Distribution
                                                          1. Environmental Impacts
                                                        2. Biodiversity Loss
                                                          1. Causes of Biodiversity Loss
                                                            1. Consequences for Ecosystems
                                                            2. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
                                                              1. Ozone Layer Function
                                                                1. Causes of Depletion
                                                                  1. Environmental and Health Impacts

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                                                                7. Earth System History

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                                                                9. Tools and Methods of Earth System Science