Earth System Science

  1. Earth System History
    1. Geologic Time
      1. Principles of Stratigraphy
        1. Law of Superposition
          1. Principle of Original Horizontality
            1. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
            2. The Geologic Time Scale
              1. Eons
                1. Eras
                  1. Periods
                    1. Epochs
                  2. Paleoclimatology
                    1. Climate Archives and Proxies
                      1. Ice Cores
                        1. Isotope Analysis
                        2. Sediment Cores
                          1. Microfossils
                          2. Tree Rings
                            1. Dendrochronology
                            2. Corals
                              1. Growth Bands
                            3. Major Climate Shifts in Earth's History
                              1. Ice Ages
                                1. Warm Periods
                                  1. Abrupt Climate Events
                                2. Major Events in Earth System Evolution
                                  1. Formation of the Atmosphere and Oceans
                                    1. The Great Oxidation Event
                                      1. Snowball Earth Events
                                        1. Mass Extinctions
                                          1. End-Permian Extinction
                                            1. End-Cretaceous Extinction

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                                        6. Earth System Interactions and Cycles

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                                        8. The Anthropocene