Cell and Tissue Engineering

  1. Cell Sources and Manipulation
    1. Cell Sourcing Strategies
      1. Autologous Cells
        1. Advantages
          1. Limitations
            1. Clinical Applications
            2. Allogeneic Cells
              1. Immunological Considerations
                1. HLA Matching
                  1. Immunosuppression
                  2. Xenogeneic Cells
                    1. Cross-Species Barriers
                      1. Zoonotic Risks
                        1. Genetic Modification
                      2. Types of Cells for Tissue Engineering
                        1. Differentiated Cells
                          1. Chondrocytes
                            1. Isolation Methods
                              1. Culture Characteristics
                              2. Osteoblasts
                                1. Bone Formation
                                  1. Culture Requirements
                                  2. Fibroblasts
                                    1. Connective Tissue Formation
                                      1. ECM Production
                                      2. Keratinocytes
                                        1. Skin Engineering
                                          1. Stratification
                                          2. Endothelial Cells
                                            1. Vascularization
                                              1. Barrier Function
                                              2. Myocytes
                                                1. Cardiac Muscle
                                                  1. Skeletal Muscle
                                                    1. Smooth Muscle
                                                    2. Hepatocytes
                                                      1. Liver Function
                                                        1. Metabolic Activities
                                                      2. Stem Cells
                                                        1. Embryonic Stem Cells
                                                          1. Pluripotency
                                                            1. Differentiation Potential
                                                              1. Ethical Considerations
                                                                1. Regulatory Issues
                                                                2. Adult Stem Cells
                                                                  1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                                                                    1. Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs
                                                                      1. Adipose-Derived MSCs
                                                                        1. Other Sources
                                                                          1. Differentiation Capacity
                                                                            1. Immunomodulatory Properties
                                                                            2. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
                                                                              1. Blood Cell Formation
                                                                                1. Bone Marrow Niche
                                                                                2. Neural Stem Cells
                                                                                  1. Neurogenesis
                                                                                    1. Brain Repair
                                                                                    2. Epithelial Stem Cells
                                                                                      1. Tissue Renewal
                                                                                        1. Regenerative Capacity
                                                                                      2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
                                                                                        1. Reprogramming Methods
                                                                                          1. Yamanaka Factors
                                                                                            1. Viral Vectors
                                                                                              1. Non-Viral Methods
                                                                                              2. Limitations
                                                                                                1. Safety Concerns
                                                                                            2. Cell Isolation and Purification
                                                                                              1. Tissue Dissociation
                                                                                                1. Enzymatic Digestion
                                                                                                  1. Collagenase
                                                                                                    1. Trypsin
                                                                                                      1. Dispase
                                                                                                      2. Mechanical Disruption
                                                                                                        1. Mincing
                                                                                                          1. Homogenization
                                                                                                        2. Cell Sorting Methods
                                                                                                          1. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
                                                                                                            1. Principles
                                                                                                              1. Antibody Selection
                                                                                                              2. Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting
                                                                                                                1. Magnetic Beads
                                                                                                                  1. Separation Techniques
                                                                                                                  2. Density Gradient Centrifugation
                                                                                                                    1. Ficoll Separation
                                                                                                                      1. Percoll Gradients
                                                                                                                      2. Adherence-Based Separation
                                                                                                                        1. Differential Adhesion
                                                                                                                          1. Substrate Selection
                                                                                                                      3. Cell Culture and Expansion
                                                                                                                        1. Aseptic Technique
                                                                                                                          1. Sterile Handling
                                                                                                                            1. Contamination Prevention
                                                                                                                              1. Laboratory Safety
                                                                                                                              2. Cell Culture Media
                                                                                                                                1. Basal Media Types
                                                                                                                                  1. DMEM
                                                                                                                                    1. RPMI
                                                                                                                                      1. MEM
                                                                                                                                      2. Serum and Serum-Free Media
                                                                                                                                        1. Fetal Bovine Serum
                                                                                                                                          1. Defined Media
                                                                                                                                            1. Serum Alternatives
                                                                                                                                            2. Growth Supplements
                                                                                                                                              1. Growth Factors
                                                                                                                                                1. Hormones
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vitamins and Minerals
                                                                                                                                                2. Culture Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. 2D Monolayer Culture
                                                                                                                                                    1. Advantages
                                                                                                                                                      1. Limitations
                                                                                                                                                      2. 3D Culture Systems
                                                                                                                                                        1. Spheroid Culture
                                                                                                                                                          1. Formation Methods
                                                                                                                                                            1. Characterization
                                                                                                                                                            2. Organoid Culture
                                                                                                                                                              1. Self-Organization
                                                                                                                                                                1. Tissue Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                2. Scaffold-Based 3D Culture
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Transport
                                                                                                                                                                3. Cell Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cryopreservation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Freezing Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cryoprotectants
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Storage Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cell Banking
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Traceability

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                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fundamental Cell Biology for Tissue Engineering

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                                                                                                                                                                        4. Biomaterials and Scaffold Design