Cartilage and Ligament Biology

  1. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
    1. Fundamental Principles
      1. Tissue Engineering Triad
        1. Cell Sources
          1. Primary Cells
            1. Stem Cells
              1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
              2. Scaffold Materials
                1. Natural Polymers
                  1. Collagen
                    1. Hyaluronic Acid
                      1. Chitosan
                        1. Alginate
                        2. Synthetic Polymers
                          1. Polylactic Acid
                            1. Polyglycolic Acid
                              1. Polycaprolactone
                            2. Signaling Molecules
                              1. Growth Factors
                                1. Cytokines
                                  1. Morphogens
                              2. Cartilage Tissue Engineering
                                1. Cell-based Approaches
                                  1. Chondrocyte Expansion
                                    1. Stem Cell Differentiation
                                      1. Co-culture Systems
                                      2. Scaffold Design
                                        1. Porosity Requirements
                                          1. Mechanical Properties
                                            1. Degradation Kinetics
                                            2. Bioreactor Systems
                                              1. Mechanical Stimulation
                                                1. Perfusion Culture
                                                  1. Compression Loading
                                                2. Ligament Tissue Engineering
                                                  1. Cellular Strategies
                                                    1. Fibroblast Culture
                                                      1. Stem Cell Applications
                                                      2. Scaffold Engineering
                                                        1. Fiber Alignment
                                                          1. Mechanical Matching
                                                            1. Surface Modifications
                                                            2. Mechanical Conditioning
                                                              1. Tensile Loading
                                                                1. Cyclic Stretching
                                                              2. Gene Therapy Approaches
                                                                1. Vector Systems
                                                                  1. Viral Vectors
                                                                    1. Non-viral Delivery
                                                                    2. Target Genes
                                                                      1. Anabolic Factors
                                                                        1. Anti-catabolic Agents
                                                                          1. Anti-inflammatory Genes
                                                                        2. Advanced Technologies
                                                                          1. 3D Bioprinting
                                                                            1. Nanotechnology Applications
                                                                              1. Smart Biomaterials
                                                                                1. Mechanobiology Integration

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                                                                              6. Treatment and Management Strategies

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                                                                              8. Future Directions and Emerging Concepts