Cartilage and Ligament Biology

  1. Pathophysiology and Disease
    1. Cartilage Pathology
      1. Osteoarthritis
        1. Etiology and Risk Factors
          1. Genetic Predisposition
            1. Mechanical Overload
              1. Obesity Effects
                1. Joint Malalignment
                2. Pathological Processes
                  1. ECM Degradation
                    1. Chondrocyte Dysfunction
                      1. Inflammatory Responses
                        1. Subchondral Bone Changes
                        2. Morphological Changes
                          1. Surface Fibrillation
                            1. Cartilage Erosion
                              1. Osteophyte Formation
                                1. Joint Space Narrowing
                              2. Chondromalacia
                                1. Definition and Classification
                                  1. Etiological Factors
                                    1. Pathological Features
                                      1. Clinical Manifestations
                                      2. Traumatic Cartilage Injuries
                                        1. Acute Trauma Mechanisms
                                          1. Focal Defects
                                            1. Chondral Lesions
                                              1. Osteochondral Defects
                                              2. Impact Loading Effects
                                              3. Inflammatory Arthropathies
                                                1. Rheumatoid Arthritis Effects
                                                  1. Cartilage Destruction Mechanisms
                                                  2. Developmental Disorders
                                                    1. Osteochondritis Dissecans
                                                      1. Epiphyseal Dysplasias
                                                    2. Ligament Pathology
                                                      1. Acute Injuries
                                                        1. Sprain Classification
                                                          1. Grade I Injuries
                                                            1. Microscopic Damage
                                                              1. Clinical Presentation
                                                              2. Grade II Injuries
                                                                1. Partial Fiber Disruption
                                                                  1. Functional Impairment
                                                                  2. Grade III Injuries
                                                                    1. Complete Rupture
                                                                      1. Joint Instability
                                                                    2. Avulsion Injuries
                                                                      1. Mechanism of Injury
                                                                        1. Common Anatomical Sites
                                                                      2. Chronic Conditions
                                                                        1. Ligament Laxity
                                                                          1. Chronic Instability
                                                                            1. Degenerative Changes
                                                                            2. Overuse Injuries
                                                                              1. Repetitive Stress Effects
                                                                                1. Microtrauma Accumulation
                                                                              2. Healing and Repair Responses
                                                                                1. Cartilage Repair Limitations
                                                                                  1. Intrinsic Repair Capacity
                                                                                    1. Avascular Environment Effects
                                                                                      1. Cellular Response Limitations
                                                                                        1. Fibrocartilage Formation
                                                                                        2. Ligament Healing Process
                                                                                          1. Inflammatory Phase
                                                                                            1. Proliferative Phase
                                                                                              1. Remodeling Phase
                                                                                                1. Scar Tissue Formation
                                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Healing
                                                                                                  1. Age and Health Status
                                                                                                    1. Injury Severity
                                                                                                      1. Mechanical Environment
                                                                                                        1. Nutritional Factors

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                                                                                                    3. Ligament Biology

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                                                                                                    5. Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis