Cartilage and Ligament Biology

  1. Treatment and Management Strategies
    1. Conservative Management
      1. Activity Modification
        1. Physical Therapy Approaches
          1. Strengthening Programs
            1. Range of Motion Exercises
              1. Proprioceptive Training
                1. Manual Therapy Techniques
                2. Pharmacological Interventions
                  1. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
                    1. Analgesics
                      1. Topical Preparations
                        1. Intra-articular Injections
                          1. Corticosteroids
                            1. Hyaluronic Acid
                          2. Orthotic and Supportive Devices
                            1. Bracing Options
                              1. Taping Techniques
                                1. Shoe Modifications
                              2. Biological Therapies
                                1. Platelet-Rich Plasma
                                  1. Preparation Methods
                                    1. Application Techniques
                                      1. Clinical Evidence
                                      2. Stem Cell Therapies
                                        1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                                          1. Adipose-derived Cells
                                            1. Bone Marrow Aspirate
                                            2. Growth Factor Applications
                                              1. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
                                                1. Transforming Growth Factor Beta
                                                  1. Insulin-like Growth Factor
                                                2. Surgical Interventions for Cartilage
                                                  1. Palliative Procedures
                                                    1. Arthroscopic Debridement
                                                      1. Joint Lavage
                                                        1. Chondroplasty
                                                        2. Reparative Techniques
                                                          1. Microfracture
                                                            1. Subchondral Drilling
                                                              1. Abrasion Arthroplasty
                                                              2. Restorative Procedures
                                                                1. Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
                                                                  1. First Generation ACI
                                                                    1. Matrix-induced ACI
                                                                    2. Osteochondral Transplantation
                                                                      1. Autograft Procedures
                                                                        1. Allograft Procedures
                                                                        2. Synthetic Implants
                                                                        3. Joint Replacement
                                                                          1. Partial Joint Replacement
                                                                            1. Total Joint Arthroplasty
                                                                          2. Surgical Interventions for Ligaments
                                                                            1. Primary Repair Techniques
                                                                              1. Direct Suturing
                                                                                1. Augmentation Methods
                                                                                2. Reconstruction Procedures
                                                                                  1. Autograft Options
                                                                                    1. Patellar Tendon
                                                                                      1. Hamstring Tendons
                                                                                        1. Quadriceps Tendon
                                                                                        2. Allograft Alternatives
                                                                                          1. Processing Methods
                                                                                            1. Clinical Outcomes
                                                                                            2. Synthetic Grafts
                                                                                              1. Material Properties
                                                                                                1. Long-term Results
                                                                                              2. Fixation Methods
                                                                                                1. Bone Tunnel Techniques
                                                                                                  1. Interference Screws
                                                                                                    1. Suspensory Fixation

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                                                                                                5. Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis

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                                                                                                7. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine