Biology of Aging

  1. Interventions to Modulate the Aging Process
    1. Dietary Interventions
      1. Caloric Restriction (CR)
        1. Effects on lifespan and healthspan
          1. Model organism studies
            1. Human studies
            2. Mechanisms of action
              1. Metabolic changes
                1. Stress resistance
                  1. Autophagy induction
                  2. Optimal restriction levels
                    1. Long-term sustainability
                    2. Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding
                      1. Protocols and outcomes
                        1. Alternate day fasting
                          1. 5:2 fasting
                            1. Time-restricted eating
                            2. Metabolic effects
                              1. Insulin sensitivity
                                1. Ketone production
                                  1. Circadian rhythm effects
                                2. Dietary Composition
                                  1. Protein restriction
                                    1. Methionine restriction
                                      1. Branched-chain amino acids
                                      2. Micronutrient balance
                                        1. Vitamins
                                          1. Minerals
                                            1. Phytochemicals
                                            2. Mediterranean diet
                                              1. Ketogenic diet
                                              2. Specific Nutrients and Compounds
                                                1. Omega-3 fatty acids
                                                  1. Polyphenols
                                                    1. Fiber
                                                      1. Probiotics and prebiotics
                                                    2. Lifestyle Interventions
                                                      1. Physical Exercise
                                                        1. Types of exercise
                                                          1. Aerobic exercise
                                                            1. Resistance training
                                                              1. Flexibility training
                                                                1. Balance training
                                                                2. Benefits for aging tissues
                                                                  1. Muscle maintenance
                                                                    1. Bone health
                                                                      1. Cardiovascular function
                                                                        1. Cognitive benefits
                                                                        2. Exercise prescription
                                                                          1. Molecular mechanisms
                                                                          2. Stress Management
                                                                            1. Psychological stress and aging
                                                                              1. Cortisol effects
                                                                                1. Telomere shortening
                                                                                2. Mind-body interventions
                                                                                  1. Meditation
                                                                                    1. Yoga
                                                                                      1. Tai chi
                                                                                        1. Mindfulness practices
                                                                                      2. Sleep Optimization
                                                                                        1. Sleep hygiene
                                                                                          1. Sleep disorders treatment
                                                                                            1. Circadian rhythm regulation
                                                                                            2. Social Engagement
                                                                                              1. Social support networks
                                                                                                1. Cognitive stimulation
                                                                                                  1. Purpose and meaning
                                                                                                2. Pharmacological Interventions (Geroprotectors)
                                                                                                  1. mTOR Inhibitors
                                                                                                    1. Rapamycin and analogs
                                                                                                      1. Sirolimus
                                                                                                        1. Everolimus
                                                                                                        2. Effects on aging pathways
                                                                                                          1. Clinical applications
                                                                                                            1. Side effects and limitations
                                                                                                            2. AMPK Activators
                                                                                                              1. Metformin
                                                                                                                1. Mechanisms of action
                                                                                                                  1. Clinical studies
                                                                                                                    1. TAME trial
                                                                                                                    2. Other AMPK activators
                                                                                                                    3. Sirtuin Activators
                                                                                                                      1. Impact on metabolism and longevity
                                                                                                                        1. NAD+ boosters
                                                                                                                          1. Clinical evidence
                                                                                                                          2. Senolytics
                                                                                                                            1. Mechanisms of senescent cell clearance
                                                                                                                              1. Examples of senolytic agents
                                                                                                                                1. Dasatinib and quercetin
                                                                                                                                  1. Fisetin
                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical trials
                                                                                                                                    1. Therapeutic windows
                                                                                                                                    2. NAD+ Precursors
                                                                                                                                      1. Nicotinamide riboside
                                                                                                                                        1. Nicotinamide mononucleotide
                                                                                                                                          1. Effects on cellular metabolism
                                                                                                                                            1. Sirtuin activation
                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical studies
                                                                                                                                              2. Antioxidants
                                                                                                                                                1. Endogenous antioxidants
                                                                                                                                                  1. Glutathione
                                                                                                                                                    1. Superoxide dismutase
                                                                                                                                                      1. Catalase
                                                                                                                                                      2. Dietary supplements
                                                                                                                                                        1. Vitamin C
                                                                                                                                                          1. Vitamin E
                                                                                                                                                            1. Coenzyme Q10
                                                                                                                                                            2. Evidence for efficacy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormesis concept
                                                                                                                                                              2. Other Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                1. Spermidine
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lithium
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aspirin
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Statins
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Genetic and Cellular Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gene Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Target genes for aging modulation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Telomerase activation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Klotho overexpression
                                                                                                                                                                              1. FOXO manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Delivery methods
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Viral vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lipid nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Direct injection
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stem Cell-Based Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types of stem cells used
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mesenchymal stem cells
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Induced pluripotent stem cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embryonic stem cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Applications in tissue regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cardiac repair
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neural regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Musculoskeletal repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Challenges and limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Cellular Reprogramming
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Induced pluripotent stem cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Yamanaka factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reprogramming protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Partial reprogramming for rejuvenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. In vivo reprogramming
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Epigenetic resetting
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Safety considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Tissue Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Scaffold-based approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organoids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 3D bioprinting

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            7. Measuring Biological Age