Biology of Aging

  1. Aging and Major Diseases
    1. Cancer
      1. Age as a risk factor
        1. Incidence patterns
          1. Tumor types
          2. Mechanisms linking aging and cancer
            1. DNA damage accumulation
              1. Immune surveillance decline
                1. Cellular senescence bypass
                2. Tumor suppressor pathways
                  1. p53 pathway
                    1. Rb pathway
                      1. PTEN pathway
                      2. Oncogene activation
                        1. Microenvironment changes
                        2. Cardiovascular Disease
                          1. Atherosclerosis
                            1. Plaque development
                              1. Risk factors
                                1. Inflammatory processes
                                2. Hypertension
                                  1. Arterial stiffening
                                    1. Endothelial dysfunction
                                    2. Heart failure
                                      1. Systolic vs diastolic
                                      2. Stroke
                                        1. Ischemic stroke
                                          1. Hemorrhagic stroke
                                        2. Neurodegenerative Disorders
                                          1. Alzheimer's Disease
                                            1. Pathological hallmarks
                                              1. Amyloid plaques
                                                1. Neurofibrillary tangles
                                                2. Risk factors
                                                  1. Age
                                                    1. Genetics
                                                      1. Lifestyle factors
                                                      2. Cognitive symptoms
                                                        1. Disease progression
                                                        2. Parkinson's Disease
                                                          1. Dopaminergic neuron loss
                                                            1. Motor and non-motor symptoms
                                                              1. Alpha-synuclein pathology
                                                                1. Environmental factors
                                                                2. Huntington's Disease
                                                                  1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                    1. Frontotemporal Dementia
                                                                    2. Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
                                                                      1. Insulin resistance
                                                                        1. Mechanisms
                                                                          1. Tissue-specific effects
                                                                          2. Obesity
                                                                            1. Adipose tissue dysfunction
                                                                              1. Inflammatory changes
                                                                              2. Dyslipidemia
                                                                                1. Lipid profile changes
                                                                                  1. Atherogenic particles
                                                                                  2. Hypertension
                                                                                    1. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
                                                                                    2. Frailty Syndrome
                                                                                      1. Definition and criteria
                                                                                        1. Fried criteria
                                                                                          1. Frailty index
                                                                                          2. Physical and cognitive components
                                                                                            1. Weakness
                                                                                              1. Slowness
                                                                                                1. Weight loss
                                                                                                  1. Exhaustion
                                                                                                    1. Low activity
                                                                                                    2. Consequences for morbidity and mortality
                                                                                                      1. Reversibility and interventions

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                                                                                                    4. Systemic and Organismal Aging

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                                                                                                    6. Interventions to Modulate the Aging Process