Biogeochemistry

13.

Human Impacts on Biogeochemical Cycles

13.1.

Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle Perturbations

13.1.1.

Fossil Fuel Combustion

13.1.1.1.

13.1.1.2.

Oil and Gas Combustion

13.1.1.3.

Cement Production

13.1.1.4.

Global Emissions Trends

13.1.2.

Land Use Change

13.1.2.1.

13.1.2.2.

Agricultural Conversion

13.1.2.3.

13.1.2.4.

Reforestation and Afforestation

13.1.3.

Atmospheric CO2 Increase

13.1.3.1.

Historical Trends

13.1.3.2.

Future Projections

13.1.3.3.

Regional Variations

13.1.4.

Climate Feedbacks

13.1.4.1.

Temperature Effects

13.1.4.2.

Precipitation Changes

13.1.4.3.

Ecosystem Responses

13.2.

Nitrogen Cycle Alterations

13.2.1.

Industrial Nitrogen Fixation

13.2.1.1.

Fertilizer Production

13.2.1.2.

Global Production Trends

13.2.1.3.

Energy Requirements

13.2.2.

Agricultural Applications

13.2.2.1.

Fertilizer Use Patterns

13.2.2.2.

Crop Nitrogen Uptake

13.2.2.3.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency

13.2.3.

Atmospheric Deposition

13.2.3.1.

13.2.3.2.

13.2.3.3.

Deposition Patterns

13.2.4.

Water Quality Impacts

13.2.4.1.

Nitrate Contamination

13.2.4.2.

13.2.4.3.

13.2.5.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

13.2.5.1.

N2O from Agriculture

13.2.5.2.

N2O from Combustion

13.3.

Phosphorus Cycle Modifications

13.3.1.

Phosphate Mining

13.3.1.1.

Global Reserves

13.3.1.2.

13.3.1.3.

Resource Sustainability

13.3.2.

Agricultural Phosphorus

13.3.2.1.

Fertilizer Applications

13.3.2.2.

Phosphorus Efficiency

13.3.2.3.

Soil Phosphorus Buildup

13.3.3.

Water Body Eutrophication

13.3.3.1.

Phosphorus Loading

13.3.3.2.

Algal Bloom Formation

13.3.3.3.

Ecosystem Consequences

13.3.4.

Waste Management

13.3.4.1.

Sewage Treatment

13.3.4.2.

13.3.4.3.

Phosphorus Recovery

13.4.

Sulfur Cycle Impacts

13.4.1.

Industrial SO2 Emissions

13.4.1.1.

Coal Combustion

13.4.1.2.

13.4.1.3.

Petroleum Refining

13.4.2.

13.4.2.1.

Formation Mechanisms

13.4.2.2.

Environmental Effects

13.4.2.3.

Mitigation Strategies

13.4.3.

Ocean Acidification

13.4.3.1.

Sulfur Aerosol Effects

13.4.3.2.

13.5.

Trace Element Contamination

13.5.1.

Heavy Metal Pollution

13.5.1.1.

Sources of Contamination

13.5.1.2.

Environmental Fate

13.5.1.3.

Bioaccumulation

13.5.2.

Mercury Cycling

13.5.2.1.

Anthropogenic Sources

13.5.2.2.

Methylmercury Formation

13.5.2.3.

Food Web Bioaccumulation

13.5.3.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

13.5.3.1.

Sources and Types

13.5.3.2.

Global Transport

13.5.3.3.

Environmental Persistence

13.5.3.4.

13.6.

Emerging Contaminants

13.6.1.

Pharmaceuticals

13.6.2.

Personal Care Products

13.6.3.

13.6.4.

Engineered Nanoparticles

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12. Analytical Methods and Techniques

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14. Biogeochemistry Through Earth History