Biofilms

  1. Strategies for Biofilm Control and Eradication
    1. Prevention of Biofilm Formation
      1. Surface Modification
        1. Anti-adhesive Coatings
          1. Antimicrobial-Impregnated Surfaces
            1. Surface Patterning
              1. Hydrophilic Coatings
              2. Environmental Control
                1. Flow Rate Optimization
                  1. Nutrient Limitation
                    1. Temperature Control
                      1. pH Management
                      2. Material Selection
                        1. Low-fouling Materials
                          1. Antimicrobial Materials
                        2. Disruption of Existing Biofilms
                          1. Physical Removal Methods
                            1. Mechanical Scrubbing
                              1. Ultrasonication
                                1. High-Pressure Water Jets
                                  1. Cavitation
                                  2. Chemical Treatments
                                    1. Biocides
                                      1. Chlorine-based Compounds
                                        1. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
                                          1. Aldehydes
                                          2. Disinfectants
                                            1. Surfactants
                                              1. Detergents
                                                1. Oxidizing Agents
                                                  1. Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                    1. Ozone
                                                      1. Peracetic Acid
                                                    2. Enzymatic Disruption of the EPS Matrix
                                                      1. DNases
                                                        1. Proteases
                                                          1. Polysaccharide-Degrading Enzymes
                                                            1. Cellulases
                                                              1. Amylases
                                                                1. Alginate Lyases
                                                            2. Novel Anti-Biofilm Approaches
                                                              1. Quorum Sensing Inhibition (Quorum Quenching)
                                                                1. Enzymatic Degradation of Signals
                                                                  1. Signal Analogues
                                                                    1. Natural QS Inhibitors
                                                                    2. Bacteriophage Therapy
                                                                      1. Phage Selection and Application
                                                                        1. Phage-Encoded Enzymes
                                                                          1. Phage Cocktails
                                                                          2. Development of Biofilm-Specific Antibiotics
                                                                            1. Targeting Biofilm-Specific Pathways
                                                                              1. Combination Therapies
                                                                                1. Persister Cell Targeting
                                                                                2. Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
                                                                                  1. Antimicrobial Nanoparticles
                                                                                    1. Targeted Delivery Systems
                                                                                      1. Photodynamic Therapy
                                                                                      2. Use of Probiotics and Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                        1. Immunotherapy Approaches
                                                                                          1. Biofilm Dispersal Agents
                                                                                            1. Nitric Oxide
                                                                                              1. Dispersin B
                                                                                                1. Cis-2-decenoic Acid

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                                                                                            8. Methods for Studying Biofilms

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                                                                                            10. Emerging Topics and Future Directions