Biofilms

  1. Biofilms in Industrial and Environmental Systems
    1. Industrial Problems (Biofouling)
      1. Pipelines and Heat Exchangers
        1. Impact on Flow and Efficiency
          1. Corrosion
            1. Maintenance Costs
            2. Ship Hulls (Marine Biofouling)
              1. Increased Drag
                1. Fuel Consumption
                  1. Environmental Impact
                  2. Water Purification Systems
                    1. Membrane Fouling
                      1. Reduced Water Quality
                        1. System Efficiency Loss
                        2. Food Processing Surfaces
                          1. Contamination Risks
                            1. Cleaning Challenges
                              1. Food Safety Issues
                              2. Paper Manufacturing
                                1. Slime Formation
                                  1. Product Quality Issues
                                  2. Oil and Gas Industry
                                    1. Pipeline Corrosion
                                      1. Souring of Oil Wells
                                    2. Environmental Roles
                                      1. Biogeochemical Cycling
                                        1. Carbon Cycling
                                          1. Nitrogen Cycling
                                            1. Sulfur Cycling
                                              1. Phosphorus Cycling
                                              2. Natural Water Systems
                                                1. Formation of Stromatolites
                                                  1. River and Lake Biofilms
                                                    1. Aquatic Food Webs
                                                    2. Soil Aggregates
                                                      1. Soil Structure Stabilization
                                                        1. Plant-Microbe Interactions
                                                          1. Rhizosphere Biofilms
                                                          2. Extreme Environments
                                                            1. Hot Springs
                                                              1. Acid Mine Drainage
                                                                1. Hypersaline Environments
                                                              2. Beneficial Applications of Biofilms
                                                                1. Wastewater Treatment
                                                                  1. Biofilm Reactors
                                                                    1. Trickling Filters
                                                                      1. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors
                                                                      2. Bioremediation of Pollutants
                                                                        1. Degradation of Organic Contaminants
                                                                          1. Heavy Metal Removal
                                                                            1. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation
                                                                            2. Biofuel Production
                                                                              1. Microalgal Biofilms
                                                                                1. Methanogenic Biofilms
                                                                                2. Microbial Fuel Cells
                                                                                  1. Electricity Generation
                                                                                    1. Electrode Colonization
                                                                                    2. Biotechnology Applications
                                                                                      1. Enzyme Production
                                                                                        1. Biosensor Development

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                                                                                    6. Biofilms in Medical and Clinical Contexts

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                                                                                    8. Methods for Studying Biofilms