Biofilms

  1. Biofilm Resistance and Persistence
    1. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance
      1. Impaired Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents
        1. Physical Barrier Effects
          1. Chemical Interactions with EPS
          2. Altered Chemical Microenvironment
            1. pH Changes
              1. Oxygen Depletion
                1. Nutrient Gradients
                2. Adaptive Stress Responses
                  1. Stress-Induced Gene Expression
                    1. Activation of Protective Pathways
                    2. Efflux Pumps
                      1. Types of Efflux Pumps
                        1. Role in Drug Resistance
                          1. Regulation of Efflux Systems
                          2. Enzymatic Inactivation of Antimicrobials
                          3. Role of Persister Cells
                            1. Definition and Characteristics
                              1. Formation of Persister Cells
                                1. Metabolic Dormancy
                                  1. Tolerance vs. Resistance
                                    1. Role in Recurrent Infections
                                      1. Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence
                                      2. Evasion of Host Immune Systems
                                        1. Physical Barrier to Phagocytes
                                          1. Quenching of Reactive Oxygen Species
                                            1. Modulation of Host Immune Response
                                              1. Suppression of Inflammatory Signals
                                                1. Evasion of Antibody Responses
                                                2. Complement System Evasion
                                                  1. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Resistance

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                                                4. Physiology and Communication in Biofilms

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                                                6. Biofilms in Medical and Clinical Contexts