Bioelectricity

  1. Electrophysiology: Measurement and Pathology
    1. Measurement Techniques
      1. Intracellular Recording
        1. Sharp Microelectrodes
          1. Whole-Cell Recording
            1. Current Clamp vs. Voltage Clamp
            2. Patch Clamp Technique
              1. Principles and Setup
                1. Gigaseal Formation
                  1. Recording Configurations
                    1. Cell-Attached
                      1. Whole-Cell
                        1. Inside-Out
                          1. Outside-Out
                          2. Single-Channel Recording
                            1. Channel Kinetics
                              1. Conductance Measurements
                              2. Applications and Limitations
                              3. Extracellular Recording
                                1. Field Potentials
                                  1. Local Field Potentials
                                    1. Population Responses
                                    2. Single-Unit Recording
                                      1. Action Potential Detection
                                        1. Spike Sorting
                                        2. Multi-Unit Recording
                                          1. Microelectrode Arrays
                                          2. Clinical Electrophysiology
                                            1. Electrocardiography (ECG)
                                              1. Principles and Lead Placement
                                                1. Standard 12-Lead ECG
                                                  1. Interpretation of ECG Waves
                                                    1. Arrhythmia Detection
                                                    2. Electroencephalography (EEG)
                                                      1. Principles and Electrode Placement
                                                        1. Brain Wave Patterns
                                                          1. Clinical Applications
                                                          2. Electromyography (EMG)
                                                            1. Principles and Applications
                                                              1. Needle vs. Surface EMG
                                                                1. Analysis of Muscle Activity
                                                                  1. Nerve Conduction Studies
                                                                  2. Evoked Potentials
                                                                    1. Visual Evoked Potentials
                                                                      1. Auditory Evoked Potentials
                                                                        1. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
                                                                      2. Advanced Techniques
                                                                        1. Voltage-Sensitive Dyes
                                                                          1. Calcium Imaging
                                                                            1. Optogenetics
                                                                              1. Multi-Electrode Arrays
                                                                              2. Artifacts and Noise
                                                                                1. Sources of Artifacts
                                                                                  1. Noise Reduction Techniques
                                                                                    1. Signal Processing
                                                                                      1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                    2. Channelopathies
                                                                                      1. Definition and Classification
                                                                                        1. Genetic Basis
                                                                                          1. Mutations in Ion Channel Genes
                                                                                            1. Inheritance Patterns
                                                                                              1. Functional Consequences
                                                                                              2. Neuronal Channelopathies
                                                                                                1. Epilepsy
                                                                                                  1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                    1. Potassium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                      1. Calcium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                        1. GABA Receptor Mutations
                                                                                                        2. Ataxia
                                                                                                          1. Calcium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                            1. Potassium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                            2. Migraine
                                                                                                              1. Calcium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                              2. Neuropathic Pain
                                                                                                                1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                              3. Muscular Channelopathies
                                                                                                                1. Myotonia
                                                                                                                  1. Chloride Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                    1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                    2. Periodic Paralysis
                                                                                                                      1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                        1. Calcium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                          1. Potassium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                          2. Malignant Hyperthermia
                                                                                                                            1. Ryanodine Receptor Mutations
                                                                                                                          3. Cardiac Channelopathies
                                                                                                                            1. Long QT Syndrome
                                                                                                                              1. Potassium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                                1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Manifestations
                                                                                                                                  2. Brugada Syndrome
                                                                                                                                    1. Sodium Channel Mutations
                                                                                                                                      1. ECG Patterns
                                                                                                                                      2. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
                                                                                                                                        1. Ryanodine Receptor Mutations
                                                                                                                                        2. Short QT Syndrome
                                                                                                                                        3. Diagnostic Approaches
                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Presentation
                                                                                                                                            1. Electrophysiological Testing
                                                                                                                                              1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                  1. Functional Studies
                                                                                                                                                  2. Family Screening
                                                                                                                                                  3. Therapeutic Strategies
                                                                                                                                                    1. Pharmacological Interventions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Channel Openers
                                                                                                                                                          1. Antiarrhythmic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                            1. Anticonvulsants
                                                                                                                                                            2. Device Therapy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Pacemakers
                                                                                                                                                                1. Implantable Defibrillators
                                                                                                                                                                2. Gene Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Viral Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. CRISPR-Cas9
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Lifestyle Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology of Bioelectrical Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ischemia and Hypoxia
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Effects on Ion Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Depolarization
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calcium Overload
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cytokine Effects on Channels
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Altered Excitability
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Metabolic Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Electrolyte Imbalances
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Changes in Channel Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Synaptic Function
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Drug Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Toxins and Poisons

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                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Bioelectricity in Specialized Tissues

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                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fundamentals of Bioelectricity