Bioelectricity

4.

Propagation of the Action Potential

4.1.

Conduction in Unmyelinated Axons

4.1.1.

Local Circuit Currents

4.1.1.1.

Spread of Depolarization

4.1.1.2.

Role in Propagation

4.1.1.3.

Current Flow Patterns

4.1.2.

Continuous Conduction

4.1.2.1.

Stepwise Depolarization

4.1.2.2.

Sequential Channel Activation

4.1.2.3.

Speed and Efficiency

4.1.3.

Factors Affecting Conduction

4.1.3.1.

4.1.3.2.

Membrane Properties

4.1.3.3.

4.2.

Conduction in Myelinated Axons

4.2.1.

4.2.1.1.

Structure and Composition

4.2.1.2.

Oligodendrocytes vs. Schwann Cells

4.2.1.3.

Function as Electrical Insulator

4.2.1.4.

Effect on Membrane Capacitance

4.2.2.

Nodes of Ranvier

4.2.2.1.

High Density of Voltage-Gated Channels

4.2.2.2.

Role in Signal Regeneration

4.2.2.3.

Spacing and Function

4.2.3.

Saltatory Conduction

4.2.3.1.

Mechanism of Jumping Conduction

4.2.3.2.

Speed Enhancement

4.2.3.3.

Energy Efficiency

4.2.3.4.

Current Flow in Myelinated Axons

4.3.

Factors Affecting Conduction Velocity

4.3.1.

4.3.1.1.

Relationship to Internal Resistance

4.3.1.2.

Impact on Speed

4.3.1.3.

Giant Axons in Invertebrates

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

Effect on Capacitance and Resistance

4.3.2.2.

Myelin Thickness

4.3.2.3.

Internodal Distance

4.3.3.

Temperature Effects

4.3.3.1.

Q10 Temperature Coefficient

4.3.3.2.

Clinical Implications

4.3.4.

Pathological Conditions

4.3.4.1.

Demyelinating Diseases

4.3.4.2.

4.3.4.3.

Conduction Block

4.4.

Orthodromic vs. Antidromic Conduction

4.4.1.

Normal Direction of Propagation

4.4.2.

Experimental Antidromic Stimulation

4.4.3.

Collision of Action Potentials

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3. Graded Potentials and The Action Potential

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5. Synaptic Transmission