Bioelectricity

  1. Bioelectricity in Specialized Tissues
    1. The Neuromuscular Junction
      1. Structure and Function
        1. Motor Neuron Terminal
          1. Synaptic Cleft
            1. Motor End Plate
              1. Postsynaptic Specializations
                1. Junctional Folds
                  1. High Density of Receptors
                2. Acetylcholine System
                  1. Synthesis and Storage
                    1. Release Mechanisms
                      1. Nicotinic Receptors
                        1. Structure and Function
                          1. Ion Selectivity
                            1. Kinetics
                          2. End-Plate Potential (EPP)
                            1. Generation and Properties
                              1. Amplitude and Duration
                                1. Threshold for Muscle Action Potential
                                  1. Safety Factor
                                  2. Termination of Signal
                                    1. Acetylcholinesterase Activity
                                      1. Hydrolysis of Acetylcholine
                                        1. Reuptake of Choline
                                        2. Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
                                          1. Myasthenia Gravis
                                            1. Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
                                              1. Botulism
                                            2. Muscle Bioelectricity
                                              1. Skeletal Muscle
                                                1. Muscle Fiber Action Potential
                                                  1. Differences from Neuronal Action Potentials
                                                    1. Role of Sodium and Potassium Channels
                                                      1. T-Tubule System
                                                      2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                        1. Sequence of Events
                                                          1. Dihydropyridine Receptors
                                                            1. Ryanodine Receptors
                                                              1. Calcium Release and Reuptake
                                                              2. Muscle Fiber Types
                                                                1. Fast-Twitch vs. Slow-Twitch
                                                                  1. Electrical Properties
                                                                2. Cardiac Muscle
                                                                  1. Pacemaker Activity
                                                                    1. Sinoatrial Node
                                                                      1. Spontaneous Depolarization
                                                                        1. Funny Current (If)
                                                                          1. Calcium Clock Mechanism
                                                                          2. Cardiac Action Potential
                                                                            1. Phases of Cardiac Action Potential
                                                                              1. Phase 0: Rapid Depolarization
                                                                                1. Phase 1: Early Repolarization
                                                                                  1. Phase 2: Plateau
                                                                                    1. Phase 3: Repolarization
                                                                                      1. Phase 4: Resting Potential
                                                                                      2. Ion Channels Involved
                                                                                        1. Sodium Channels
                                                                                          1. Calcium Channels
                                                                                            1. Potassium Channels
                                                                                            2. Regional Variations
                                                                                            3. Electrical Coupling
                                                                                              1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                1. Intercalated Discs
                                                                                                  1. Syncytial Properties
                                                                                                  2. Refractory Periods
                                                                                                    1. Absolute Refractory Period
                                                                                                      1. Relative Refractory Period
                                                                                                        1. Protection Against Tetany
                                                                                                        2. Conduction System
                                                                                                          1. SA Node
                                                                                                            1. AV Node
                                                                                                              1. Bundle of His
                                                                                                                1. Purkinje Fibers
                                                                                                              2. Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                1. Types of Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                  1. Single-Unit (Visceral)
                                                                                                                    1. Multi-Unit
                                                                                                                    2. Action Potentials
                                                                                                                      1. Calcium-Dependent Action Potentials
                                                                                                                        1. Slow Waves
                                                                                                                          1. Pacemaker Activity
                                                                                                                          2. Electrical Coupling
                                                                                                                            1. Gap Junctions in Single-Unit
                                                                                                                              1. Independent Activity in Multi-Unit
                                                                                                                              2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Sources
                                                                                                                                  1. Calcium-Calmodulin System
                                                                                                                              3. Sensory Receptor Potentials
                                                                                                                                1. Transduction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanotransduction
                                                                                                                                    1. Phototransduction
                                                                                                                                      1. Chemotransduction
                                                                                                                                        1. Thermotransduction
                                                                                                                                          1. Nociception
                                                                                                                                          2. Generator Potentials
                                                                                                                                            1. Graded Nature
                                                                                                                                              1. Stimulus-Response Relationships
                                                                                                                                                1. Threshold for Action Potential Generation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Encoding of Stimulus Intensity
                                                                                                                                                  2. Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Rapidly Adapting Receptors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Slowly Adapting Receptors
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanisms of Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Specific Sensory Systems
                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Hair Cells
                                                                                                                                                              1. Pacinian Corpuscles
                                                                                                                                                                1. Muscle Spindles
                                                                                                                                                                2. Photoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rod and Cone Cells
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phototransduction Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Olfactory Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Taste Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Thermoreceptors
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nociceptors

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                                                                                                                                                                      7. Electrophysiology: Measurement and Pathology