Bioelectricity

  1. Synaptic Transmission
    1. Types of Synapses
      1. Electrical Synapses (Gap Junctions)
        1. Structure and Function
          1. Connexin Proteins
            1. Speed and Bidirectionality
              1. Locations in Nervous System
                1. Regulation of Gap Junction Permeability
                2. Chemical Synapses
                  1. Prevalence and Diversity
                    1. Unidirectional Transmission
                      1. Synaptic Delay
                        1. Plasticity Potential
                      2. Structure of a Chemical Synapse
                        1. Presynaptic Terminal
                          1. Synaptic Vesicles
                            1. Types of Vesicles
                              1. Vesicle Pools
                              2. Active Zones
                                1. Protein Complexes
                                  1. Calcium Channel Clustering
                                  2. Mitochondria
                                    1. Cytoskeletal Elements
                                    2. Synaptic Cleft
                                      1. Width and Composition
                                        1. Extracellular Matrix
                                          1. Diffusion of Neurotransmitters
                                          2. Postsynaptic Membrane
                                            1. Receptor Distribution
                                              1. Postsynaptic Density
                                                1. Scaffolding Proteins
                                                  1. Receptor Clustering
                                                2. Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release
                                                  1. Calcium-Dependent Release
                                                    1. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
                                                      1. Types and Distribution
                                                        1. Calcium Influx Kinetics
                                                        2. Calcium Sensing
                                                          1. Synaptotagmin
                                                            1. Calcium Cooperativity
                                                          2. Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
                                                            1. Docking
                                                              1. Priming
                                                                1. Fusion
                                                                  1. Endocytosis
                                                                    1. Recycling
                                                                    2. The SNARE Complex
                                                                      1. v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs
                                                                        1. SNARE Assembly
                                                                          1. Membrane Fusion Mechanism
                                                                            1. SNARE Disassembly
                                                                            2. Regulation of Release
                                                                              1. Calcium Buffering
                                                                                1. Presynaptic Modulation
                                                                                  1. Release Probability
                                                                                    1. Short-Term Plasticity
                                                                                  2. Postsynaptic Receptors
                                                                                    1. Ionotropic Receptors
                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                        1. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
                                                                                          1. Fast Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                            1. Examples
                                                                                              1. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
                                                                                                1. AMPA Receptors
                                                                                                  1. NMDA Receptors
                                                                                                    1. GABA-A Receptors
                                                                                                      1. Glycine Receptors
                                                                                                    2. Metabotropic Receptors
                                                                                                      1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
                                                                                                        1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                                          1. cAMP Pathway
                                                                                                            1. IP3/DAG Pathway
                                                                                                              1. Direct G-protein Effects
                                                                                                              2. Modulation of Ion Channels
                                                                                                                1. Slow Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                              3. Neurotransmitter Systems
                                                                                                                1. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                  1. Synthesis and Storage
                                                                                                                    1. Release and Receptors
                                                                                                                      1. Degradation
                                                                                                                      2. Glutamate
                                                                                                                        1. Synthesis and Storage
                                                                                                                          1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                            1. Reuptake and Metabolism
                                                                                                                            2. GABA
                                                                                                                              1. Synthesis and Storage
                                                                                                                                1. Receptor Types
                                                                                                                                  1. Reuptake and Metabolism
                                                                                                                                  2. Glycine
                                                                                                                                    1. Dopamine
                                                                                                                                      1. Norepinephrine
                                                                                                                                        1. Serotonin
                                                                                                                                          1. Neuropeptides
                                                                                                                                          2. Termination of Neurotransmitter Signal
                                                                                                                                            1. Reuptake
                                                                                                                                              1. Transporter Proteins
                                                                                                                                                1. Presynaptic Uptake
                                                                                                                                                  1. Glial Uptake
                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                    2. Enzymatic Degradation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Acetylcholinesterase
                                                                                                                                                        1. Monoamine Oxidase
                                                                                                                                                          1. Other Degradative Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                          2. Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Clearance from Synaptic Cleft
                                                                                                                                                              1. Volume Transmission
                                                                                                                                                              2. Receptor Desensitization
                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Time Course
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Receptor Downregulation
                                                                                                                                                                  3. Synaptic Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Short-Term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Post-Tetanic Potentiation
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Long-Term Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Long-Term Depression (LTD)
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanisms of Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Expression Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                                                              4. Propagation of the Action Potential

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                                                                                                                                                                              6. Bioelectricity in Specialized Tissues