Bacteriology

9.

Methods in Bacteriology

9.1.

9.1.1.

Light Microscopy

9.1.1.1.

Bright-field Microscopy

9.1.1.2.

Dark-field Microscopy

9.1.1.3.

Phase-contrast Microscopy

9.1.1.4.

Differential Interference Contrast

9.1.2.

Fluorescence Microscopy

9.1.2.1.

9.1.2.2.

Fluorescent Dyes and Probes

9.1.3.

Electron Microscopy

9.1.3.1.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

9.1.3.2.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

9.1.3.3.

Sample Preparation

9.1.4.

Confocal Microscopy

9.1.5.

Atomic Force Microscopy

9.2.

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

9.2.1.

Physical Methods

9.2.1.1.

Heat Sterilization

9.2.1.1.1.

Moist Heat (Autoclaving, Boiling)

9.2.1.1.2.

Dry Heat (Hot Air Oven)

9.2.1.1.3.

9.2.1.2.

9.2.1.2.1.

Membrane Filtration

9.2.1.2.2.

HEPA Filtration

9.2.1.3.

9.2.1.3.1.

Ultraviolet Radiation

9.2.1.3.2.

Ionizing Radiation

9.2.1.3.3.

Microwave Radiation

9.2.2.

Chemical Methods

9.2.2.1.

9.2.2.1.1.

Phenolic Compounds

9.2.2.1.2.

9.2.2.1.3.

9.2.2.1.4.

9.2.2.1.5.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.3.

Chemical Sterilants

9.2.2.3.1.

9.2.2.3.2.

9.2.2.3.3.

9.2.3.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy

9.2.3.1.

Use-Dilution Test

9.2.3.2.

Disk Diffusion Method

9.2.3.3.

Time-Kill Studies

9.3.

Culturing Bacteria

9.3.1.

9.3.1.1.

9.3.1.2.

9.3.1.3.

Selective Media

9.3.1.4.

Differential Media

9.3.1.5.

Enrichment Media

9.3.2.

Preparation and Sterilization of Media

9.3.3.

Aseptic Technique

9.3.4.

Isolation of Pure Cultures

9.3.4.1.

Streak Plate Method

9.3.4.2.

Pour Plate Method

9.3.4.3.

Spread Plate Method

9.3.4.4.

Serial Dilution

9.3.5.

Methods for Culturing Anaerobes

9.3.5.1.

9.3.5.2.

Anaerobic Chambers

9.3.5.3.

9.3.5.4.

Thioglycollate Medium

9.3.6.

Preservation of Bacterial Cultures

9.3.6.1.

9.3.6.2.

9.3.6.3.

9.3.6.4.

Mineral Oil Overlay

9.4.

Enumeration of Bacteria

9.4.1.

Direct Microscopic Count

9.4.1.1.

Counting Chambers

9.4.1.2.

Membrane Filtration

9.4.2.

Plate Count (Viable Count)

9.4.2.1.

9.4.2.2.

9.4.2.3.

Drop Plate Method

9.4.3.

Turbidimetric Methods

9.4.3.1.

Spectrophotometry

9.4.3.2.

9.4.4.

Most Probable Number (MPN) Method

9.4.5.

9.4.6.

Automated Counting Systems

9.5.

Molecular Techniques in Bacteriology

9.5.1.

9.5.1.1.

Cell Lysis Methods

9.5.1.2.

Purification Techniques

9.5.2.

PCR and Real-Time PCR (qPCR)

9.5.2.1.

9.5.2.2.

Amplification Protocols

9.5.2.3.

Quantitative Analysis

9.5.3.

Gel Electrophoresis

9.5.3.1.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

9.5.3.2.

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

9.5.4.

9.5.4.1.

Sanger Sequencing

9.5.4.2.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

9.5.4.3.

Third-Generation Sequencing

9.5.5.

Restriction Enzyme Analysis

9.5.5.1.

Restriction Mapping

9.5.5.2.

9.5.6.

Southern Blotting

9.5.7.

Northern Blotting

9.5.8.

Western Blotting

9.5.9.

Microarray Analysis

9.5.10.

9.5.10.1.

2D Gel Electrophoresis

9.5.10.2.

Mass Spectrometry

9.5.11.

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8. Environmental and Applied Bacteriology

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1. Introduction to Bacteriology