Autoimmunity

  1. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
    1. Clinical Assessment
      1. History Taking
        1. Symptom Onset and Progression
          1. Family History
            1. Environmental Exposures
              1. Medication History
                1. Review of Systems
                2. Physical Examination
                  1. Constitutional Symptoms
                    1. Fever
                      1. Fatigue
                        1. Weight Loss
                        2. Musculoskeletal Findings
                          1. Joint Swelling
                            1. Joint Deformity
                              1. Muscle Weakness
                                1. Range of Motion
                                2. Dermatologic Manifestations
                                  1. Rashes
                                    1. Photosensitivity
                                      1. Oral Ulcers
                                        1. Alopecia
                                        2. Organ-Specific Findings
                                          1. Cardiovascular
                                            1. Pulmonary
                                              1. Renal
                                                1. Neurologic
                                                  1. Gastrointestinal
                                                2. Disease Activity Assessment
                                                  1. Standardized Indices
                                                    1. Patient-Reported Outcomes
                                                      1. Physician Global Assessment
                                                    2. Laboratory Investigations
                                                      1. Autoantibody Testing
                                                        1. Screening Tests
                                                          1. Antinuclear Antibodies
                                                            1. Immunofluorescence Patterns
                                                              1. Homogeneous Pattern
                                                                1. Speckled Pattern
                                                                  1. Nucleolar Pattern
                                                                    1. Centromere Pattern
                                                                    2. Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                      1. IgM Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                        1. IgG Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                          1. IgA Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                        2. Specific Autoantibodies
                                                                          1. Anti-dsDNA
                                                                            1. Crithidia Test
                                                                              1. ELISA Methods
                                                                              2. Anti-Smith
                                                                                1. Anti-SSA/Ro
                                                                                  1. Anti-Ro52
                                                                                    1. Anti-Ro60
                                                                                    2. Anti-SSB/La
                                                                                      1. Anti-Centromere
                                                                                        1. Anti-Topoisomerase I
                                                                                          1. Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide
                                                                                            1. Organ-Specific Antibodies
                                                                                              1. Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase
                                                                                                1. Anti-Thyroglobulin
                                                                                                  1. Anti-GAD
                                                                                                    1. Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase
                                                                                                2. Inflammatory Markers
                                                                                                  1. Acute Phase Reactants
                                                                                                    1. C-Reactive Protein
                                                                                                      1. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
                                                                                                        1. Serum Amyloid A
                                                                                                        2. Cytokine Levels
                                                                                                          1. Interleukin-6
                                                                                                            1. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
                                                                                                              1. Interferon-α
                                                                                                            2. Hematologic Parameters
                                                                                                              1. Complete Blood Count
                                                                                                                1. Anemia of Chronic Disease
                                                                                                                  1. Leukopenia
                                                                                                                    1. Lymphopenia
                                                                                                                      1. Thrombocytopenia
                                                                                                                      2. Peripheral Blood Smear
                                                                                                                        1. Cell Morphology
                                                                                                                          1. Inclusion Bodies
                                                                                                                        2. Complement Studies
                                                                                                                          1. Total Hemolytic Complement
                                                                                                                            1. C3 Levels
                                                                                                                              1. C4 Levels
                                                                                                                                1. C1q Levels
                                                                                                                                  1. Complement Split Products
                                                                                                                                  2. Organ Function Assessment
                                                                                                                                    1. Renal Function
                                                                                                                                      1. Serum Creatinine
                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Urea Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                          1. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
                                                                                                                                            1. Urinalysis
                                                                                                                                              1. Proteinuria
                                                                                                                                                1. Hematuria
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cellular Casts
                                                                                                                                                2. Liver Function
                                                                                                                                                  1. Transaminases
                                                                                                                                                    1. Alkaline Phosphatase
                                                                                                                                                      1. Bilirubin
                                                                                                                                                        1. Albumin
                                                                                                                                                        2. Muscle Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Creatine Kinase
                                                                                                                                                            1. Aldolase
                                                                                                                                                              1. Lactate Dehydrogenase
                                                                                                                                                          2. Imaging Studies
                                                                                                                                                            1. Radiographic Imaging
                                                                                                                                                              1. Plain Radiographs
                                                                                                                                                                1. Joint Erosions
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Joint Space Narrowing
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bone Demineralization
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Computed Tomography
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pulmonary Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Abdominal Organ Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Joint Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bone Marrow Edema
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Central Nervous System Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Muscle Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ultrasound
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synovitis Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Power Doppler
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tendon Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nuclear Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bone Scintigraphy
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gallium Scanning
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. PET Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Histopathologic Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tissue Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Kidney Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glomerular Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tubulointerstitial Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vascular Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Skin Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interface Dermatitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immunofluorescence Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Muscle Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Inflammatory Infiltrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fiber Necrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Complement Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Synovial Biopsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synovial Hyperplasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vascularity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Type Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Complement Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immunoglobulin Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disease-Specific Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ACR Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. SLICC Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. EULAR/ACR Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. ACR/EULAR Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Classification Score
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sjögren's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ACR/EULAR Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Focus Score
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Systemic Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ACR/EULAR Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Skin Score Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Exclusion of Mimics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Overlap Syndromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Spectrum of Autoimmune Diseases

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Therapeutic Strategies and Management