Autoimmunity

  1. Spectrum of Autoimmune Diseases
    1. Classification Systems
      1. Organ-Specific versus Systemic
        1. Localized Target Organs
          1. Multi-System Involvement
          2. Pathogenic Mechanisms
            1. Antibody-Mediated
              1. T Cell-Mediated
                1. Mixed Mechanisms
                2. Clinical Course
                  1. Acute Onset
                    1. Chronic Progressive
                      1. Relapsing-Remitting
                    2. Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases
                      1. Endocrine System
                        1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
                          1. Pathogenesis
                            1. Pancreatic β-Cell Destruction
                              1. T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
                                1. Inflammatory Infiltration
                                2. Autoantibodies
                                  1. Anti-GAD
                                    1. Anti-IA2
                                      1. Anti-ZnT8
                                        1. Anti-Insulin
                                        2. Clinical Features
                                          1. Hyperglycemia
                                            1. Ketoacidosis Risk
                                              1. Long-term Complications
                                              2. Genetic Associations
                                                1. HLA-DR3/DR4
                                                  1. INS VNTR
                                                    1. PTPN22
                                                  2. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                      1. Thyroid Follicular Cell Destruction
                                                        1. Lymphocytic Infiltration
                                                          1. Fibrosis Development
                                                          2. Autoantibodies
                                                            1. Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase
                                                              1. Anti-Thyroglobulin
                                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                                1. Hypothyroidism
                                                                  1. Goiter Formation
                                                                    1. Fatigue and Weight Gain
                                                                  2. Graves' Disease
                                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                                      1. TSH Receptor Stimulation
                                                                        1. Thyroid Hyperfunction
                                                                        2. Autoantibodies
                                                                          1. TSH Receptor Antibodies
                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                            1. Hyperthyroidism
                                                                              1. Exophthalmos
                                                                                1. Pretibial Myxedema
                                                                              2. Addison's Disease
                                                                                1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                  1. Adrenal Cortex Destruction
                                                                                    1. Steroid Hormone Deficiency
                                                                                    2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                      1. Anti-21-Hydroxylase
                                                                                        1. Anti-17α-Hydroxylase
                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                          1. Adrenal Insufficiency
                                                                                            1. Hyperpigmentation
                                                                                              1. Electrolyte Imbalance
                                                                                          2. Nervous System
                                                                                            1. Multiple Sclerosis
                                                                                              1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                1. Myelin Destruction
                                                                                                  1. Oligodendrocyte Loss
                                                                                                    1. Axonal Damage
                                                                                                      1. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption
                                                                                                      2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                        1. Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                          1. Neurological Deficits
                                                                                                            1. Relapsing-Remitting Course
                                                                                                              1. Progressive Disability
                                                                                                              2. Subtypes
                                                                                                                1. Relapsing-Remitting MS
                                                                                                                  1. Primary Progressive MS
                                                                                                                    1. Secondary Progressive MS
                                                                                                                  2. Myasthenia Gravis
                                                                                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                      1. Acetylcholine Receptor Blockade
                                                                                                                        1. Neuromuscular Junction Dysfunction
                                                                                                                        2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                          1. Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor
                                                                                                                            1. Anti-MuSK
                                                                                                                              1. Anti-LRP4
                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                1. Muscle Weakness
                                                                                                                                  1. Fatigability
                                                                                                                                    1. Ocular Symptoms
                                                                                                                                      1. Respiratory Compromise
                                                                                                                                    2. Guillain-Barré Syndrome
                                                                                                                                      1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                        1. Peripheral Nerve Demyelination
                                                                                                                                          1. Axonal Damage
                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Mimicry
                                                                                                                                            2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                              1. Anti-GM1
                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-GQ1b
                                                                                                                                                  1. Anti-MAG
                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                    1. Ascending Paralysis
                                                                                                                                                      1. Areflexia
                                                                                                                                                        1. Respiratory Failure Risk
                                                                                                                                                    2. Gastrointestinal System
                                                                                                                                                      1. Celiac Disease
                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                          1. Gluten Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                            1. Intestinal Villous Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                              1. T Cell-Mediated Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                              2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anti-Endomysial
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anti-Deamidated Gliadin
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Malabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diarrhea
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Weight Loss
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extraintestinal Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Autoimmune Hepatitis
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hepatocyte Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Portal Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fibrosis Development
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anti-Nuclear Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anti-Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anti-LKM1
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hepatitis
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cirrhosis Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Liver Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Primary Biliary Cholangitis
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bile Duct Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cholestasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Progressive Fibrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anti-Mitochondrial
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anti-Centromere
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cholestatic Liver Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pruritus
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Crohn's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transmural Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Granuloma Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Th1/Th17 Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Abdominal Pain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diarrhea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fistula Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extraintestinal Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ulcerative Colitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mucosal Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crypt Abscesses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Th2 Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bloody Diarrhea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rectal Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Colon Cancer Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Skin and Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Psoriasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Th17 Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. IL-23/IL-17 Axis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Erythematous Plaques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Silvery Scales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Joint Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vitiligo
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Melanocyte Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cytotoxic T Cell Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Depigmented Patches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Symmetrical Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Progressive Course
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pemphigus Vulgaris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Desmosome Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Acantholysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Blister Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anti-Desmoglein 1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anti-Desmoglein 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mucosal Erosions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Skin Blisters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nikolsky Sign
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hematologic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Red Blood Cell Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complement Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Extravascular Hemolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Warm-Reactive Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cold-Reactive Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Jaundice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Splenomegaly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Platelet Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Splenic Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Megakaryocyte Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anti-Platelet Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anti-GPIIb/IIIa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thrombocytopenia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bleeding Tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Petechiae and Purpura
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type II and III Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Immune Complex Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Complement Consumption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Interferon Signature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antinuclear Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anti-dsDNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anti-Smith
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anti-Phospholipid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-SSA/Ro
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anti-SSB/La
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Multi-System Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Malar Rash
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nephritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Serositis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neuropsychiatric Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disease Course
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flares and Remissions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Organ Damage Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synovial Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pannus Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Joint Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Th1 and Th17 Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-Carbamylated Protein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Symmetrical Polyarthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Morning Stiffness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Joint Deformities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Extraarticular Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Disease Progression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Early Inflammatory Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Established Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Advanced Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sjögren's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exocrine Gland Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Epithelial Cell Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Type I Interferon Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anti-SSA/Ro52
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anti-SSA/Ro60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anti-SSB/La
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rheumatoid Factor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sicca Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dry Eyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dry Mouth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Systemic Manifestations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lymphoma Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Systemic Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fibroblast Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Collagen Overproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vascular Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immune Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anti-Centromere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anti-Topoisomerase I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anti-RNA Polymerase III
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Skin Thickening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Raynaud's Phenomenon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Internal Organ Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pulmonary Fibrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Renal Crisis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disease Subtypes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Inflammatory Myopathies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Polymyositis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Muscle Fiber Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. CD8+ T Cell Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Proximal Muscle Weakness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevated Muscle Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dermatomyositis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Complement-Mediated Vasculopathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Perifascicular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Autoantibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anti-Mi-2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anti-TIF1γ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anti-MDA5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Characteristic Rash
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Muscle Weakness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Malignancy Association
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Systemic Vasculitides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Large Vessel Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Giant Cell Arteritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Takayasu Arteritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Medium Vessel Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Polyarteritis Nodosa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Kawasaki Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Small Vessel Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ANCA-Associated Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microscopic Polyangiitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Immune Complex Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation