Autoimmunity

  1. Immunological Tolerance
    1. Concept of Self-Tolerance
      1. Definition and Biological Significance
        1. Evolutionary Advantages
          1. Tolerance versus Immunity Balance
            1. Consequences of Tolerance Failure
            2. Central Tolerance Mechanisms
              1. T Cell Central Tolerance
                1. Thymic Selection Overview
                  1. Positive Selection
                    1. MHC Restriction
                      1. Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells
                        1. Survival Signals
                        2. Negative Selection
                          1. Clonal Deletion
                            1. Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells
                              1. AIRE Gene Function
                                1. Tissue-Restricted Antigen Expression
                                  1. Promiscuous Gene Expression
                                  2. Dendritic Cell Role
                                  3. Regulatory T Cell Generation
                                    1. Natural Treg Development
                                      1. Foxp3 Expression
                                    2. B Cell Central Tolerance
                                      1. Bone Marrow Selection
                                        1. Clonal Deletion
                                          1. Apoptosis Induction
                                            1. BCR Signaling Strength
                                            2. Receptor Editing
                                              1. Secondary Light Chain Rearrangement
                                                1. Rescue from Deletion
                                                2. Anergy Induction
                                                  1. Functional Unresponsiveness
                                                    1. Reduced BCR Expression
                                                3. Peripheral Tolerance Mechanisms
                                                  1. T Cell Peripheral Tolerance
                                                    1. Anergy Induction
                                                      1. Signal 1 without Signal 2
                                                        1. Costimulatory Molecule Requirements
                                                          1. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                            1. CTLA-4 Function
                                                              1. PD-1 Pathway
                                                            2. Activation-Induced Cell Death
                                                              1. Fas-FasL Pathway
                                                                1. Repeated Stimulation Effects
                                                                2. Regulatory T Cell Suppression
                                                                  1. Contact-Dependent Suppression
                                                                    1. Cytokine-Mediated Suppression
                                                                      1. Metabolic Suppression
                                                                      2. Ignorance
                                                                        1. Anatomical Separation
                                                                          1. Low Antigen Concentration
                                                                        2. B Cell Peripheral Tolerance
                                                                          1. Follicular Exclusion
                                                                            1. Germinal Center Exclusion
                                                                              1. Plasma Cell Differentiation Block
                                                                              2. Immune Privileged Sites
                                                                                1. Eye
                                                                                  1. Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation
                                                                                    1. Blood-Retinal Barrier
                                                                                      1. Immunosuppressive Factors
                                                                                      2. Brain
                                                                                        1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                          1. Microglial Function
                                                                                            1. Limited Lymphatic Drainage
                                                                                            2. Testis
                                                                                              1. Blood-Testis Barrier
                                                                                                1. Sertoli Cell Function
                                                                                                  1. Local Immunosuppression
                                                                                                  2. Pregnancy and Fetal Tolerance
                                                                                                    1. Maternal-Fetal Interface
                                                                                                      1. HLA-G Expression
                                                                                                        1. Regulatory T Cell Expansion

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                                                                                                  1. Fundamentals of the Immune System

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                                                                                                  3. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity