Volcanology

  1. Volcanic Products and Deposits
    1. Lava Flows
      1. Types of Lava Flows
        1. Pahoehoe
          1. Texture and Formation
            1. Ropy Surface
              1. Low Effusion Rates
                1. Insulating Crust
                2. Flow Characteristics
                3. A'a
                  1. Texture and Formation
                    1. Clinker Surface
                      1. High Effusion Rates
                        1. Broken Crust
                        2. Flow Characteristics
                        3. Block Lava
                          1. Texture and Formation
                            1. Angular Blocks
                              1. High Viscosity
                                1. Slow Movement
                                2. Flow Characteristics
                              2. Pillow Lavas (Submarine)
                                1. Formation and Occurrence
                                  1. Underwater Eruptions
                                    1. Rapid Cooling
                                      1. Pillow Structure
                                    2. Columnar Jointing
                                      1. Formation Mechanisms
                                        1. Thermal Contraction
                                          1. Cooling Patterns
                                            1. Joint Development
                                          2. Lava Tubes and Channels
                                            1. Formation Processes
                                              1. Insulation Effects
                                                1. Cave Systems
                                              2. Pyroclastic Materials (Tephra)
                                                1. Classification by Size
                                                  1. Ash (<2 mm)
                                                    1. Fine Ash
                                                      1. Coarse Ash
                                                        1. Transport Mechanisms
                                                        2. Lapilli (2-64 mm)
                                                          1. Scoria
                                                            1. Pumice
                                                              1. Accretionary Lapilli
                                                              2. Bombs and Blocks (>64 mm)
                                                                1. Volcanic Bombs
                                                                  1. Volcanic Blocks
                                                                    1. Ballistic Transport
                                                                  2. Types of Pyroclastic Deposits
                                                                    1. Airfall Deposits (Ashfall)
                                                                      1. Plinian Deposits
                                                                        1. Strombolian Deposits
                                                                          1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                          2. Pyroclastic Flow Deposits (Ignimbrites)
                                                                            1. Welded Tuffs
                                                                              1. Non-welded Tuffs
                                                                                1. Flow Units
                                                                                2. Pyroclastic Surge Deposits
                                                                                  1. Base Surges
                                                                                    1. Ground Surges
                                                                                      1. Lateral Blasts
                                                                                    2. Pyroclastic Density Currents
                                                                                      1. Flow Dynamics
                                                                                        1. Temperature and Velocity
                                                                                          1. Depositional Processes
                                                                                        2. Volcanic Gases
                                                                                          1. Composition and Measurement
                                                                                            1. Major Gas Species
                                                                                              1. Water Vapor
                                                                                                1. Carbon Dioxide
                                                                                                  1. Sulfur Dioxide
                                                                                                    1. Hydrogen Sulfide
                                                                                                    2. Sampling Techniques
                                                                                                      1. Direct Sampling
                                                                                                        1. Remote Sensing
                                                                                                          1. Continuous Monitoring
                                                                                                        2. Atmospheric and Climatic Effects
                                                                                                          1. Short-Term Effects
                                                                                                            1. Ash Injection
                                                                                                              1. Acid Rain
                                                                                                                1. Local Climate
                                                                                                                2. Long-Term Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Stratospheric Aerosols
                                                                                                                    1. Global Cooling
                                                                                                                      1. Ozone Depletion

                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                5. Eruptive Processes and Styles

                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                7. Volcanic Hazards and Risk Assessment