Volcanology

  1. Volcanic Structures and Landforms
    1. Central Vent Volcanoes
      1. Shield Volcanoes
        1. Structure and Morphology
          1. Low-Angle Slopes
            1. Large Basal Diameter
              1. Central Caldera
              2. Eruption Style
                1. Effusive Eruptions
                  1. Hawaiian-Type Activity
                  2. Examples
                    1. Mauna Loa
                      1. Kilauea
                        1. Skjaldbreiður
                      2. Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes)
                        1. Structure and Morphology
                          1. Steep-Sided Cones
                            1. Alternating Layers
                              1. Summit Crater
                              2. Eruption Style
                                1. Mixed Effusive-Explosive
                                  1. Vulcanian to Plinian
                                  2. Examples
                                    1. Mount Fuji
                                      1. Mount Vesuvius
                                        1. Mount Rainier
                                      2. Cinder Cones (Scoria Cones)
                                        1. Structure and Morphology
                                          1. Conical Shape
                                            1. Loose Pyroclastic Material
                                              1. Central Crater
                                              2. Eruption Style
                                                1. Strombolian Activity
                                                  1. Monogenetic Volcanism
                                                  2. Examples
                                                    1. Parícutin
                                                      1. Sunset Crater
                                                        1. Monte Nuovo
                                                    2. Large-Scale Volcanic Features
                                                      1. Calderas
                                                        1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                          1. Collapse Calderas
                                                            1. Magma Chamber Evacuation
                                                              1. Roof Collapse
                                                              2. Explosive Calderas
                                                                1. Catastrophic Eruptions
                                                                  1. Pyroclastic Flow Generation
                                                                2. Types of Calderas
                                                                  1. Crater Lake Type
                                                                    1. Yellowstone Type
                                                                      1. Valles Type
                                                                      2. Resurgent Calderas
                                                                      3. Supervolcanoes
                                                                        1. Definition and Criteria
                                                                          1. VEI 8 Eruptions
                                                                            1. Caldera Size
                                                                              1. Eruption Volume
                                                                              2. Examples
                                                                                1. Yellowstone
                                                                                  1. Toba
                                                                                    1. Taupo
                                                                                2. Other Volcanic Landforms
                                                                                  1. Lava Domes
                                                                                    1. Formation and Hazards
                                                                                      1. Viscous Lava Extrusion
                                                                                        1. Dome Growth Patterns
                                                                                          1. Collapse Hazards
                                                                                          2. Types of Domes
                                                                                            1. Endogenous Domes
                                                                                              1. Exogenous Domes
                                                                                                1. Cryptodomes
                                                                                              2. Fissure Vents
                                                                                                1. Structure and Eruptions
                                                                                                  1. Linear Vents
                                                                                                    1. Curtains of Fire
                                                                                                      1. Spatter Ramparts
                                                                                                      2. Examples
                                                                                                        1. Laki Fissure
                                                                                                          1. Eldgjá
                                                                                                        2. Lava Plateaus (Flood Basalts)
                                                                                                          1. Formation and Extent
                                                                                                            1. Large Igneous Provinces
                                                                                                              1. Continental Flood Basalts
                                                                                                                1. Oceanic Plateaus
                                                                                                                2. Examples
                                                                                                                  1. Columbia River Basalts
                                                                                                                    1. Deccan Traps
                                                                                                                      1. Siberian Traps
                                                                                                                    2. Maars and Tuff Rings
                                                                                                                      1. Phreatomagmatic Origins
                                                                                                                        1. Magma-Water Interaction
                                                                                                                          1. Steam Explosions
                                                                                                                          2. Morphological Features
                                                                                                                          3. Submarine Volcanoes and Seamounts
                                                                                                                            1. Formation and Distribution
                                                                                                                              1. Underwater Eruptions
                                                                                                                                1. Pillow Lava Formation
                                                                                                                                  1. Seamount Chains
                                                                                                                                  2. Hydrothermal Systems
                                                                                                                                  3. Geysers, Fumaroles, and Hot Springs
                                                                                                                                    1. Hydrothermal Features
                                                                                                                                      1. Geothermal Systems
                                                                                                                                        1. Heat Sources
                                                                                                                                        2. Geochemical Processes
                                                                                                                                          1. Water-Rock Interaction
                                                                                                                                            1. Mineral Precipitation
                                                                                                                                              1. Gas Emissions

                                                                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                                                                        3. Magma: Generation, Composition, and Properties

                                                                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                                                                        Next

                                                                                                                                        5. Eruptive Processes and Styles