Volcanology

4.

Volcanic Structures and Landforms

4.1.

Central Vent Volcanoes

4.1.1.

Shield Volcanoes

4.1.1.1.

Structure and Morphology

4.1.1.1.1.

Low-Angle Slopes

4.1.1.1.2.

Large Basal Diameter

4.1.1.1.3.

Central Caldera

4.1.1.2.

4.1.1.2.1.

Effusive Eruptions

4.1.1.2.2.

Hawaiian-Type Activity

4.1.1.3.

4.1.1.3.1.

4.1.1.3.2.

4.1.1.3.3.

4.1.2.

Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes)

4.1.2.1.

Structure and Morphology

4.1.2.1.1.

Steep-Sided Cones

4.1.2.1.2.

Alternating Layers

4.1.2.1.3.

4.1.2.2.

4.1.2.2.1.

Mixed Effusive-Explosive

4.1.2.2.2.

Vulcanian to Plinian

4.1.2.3.

4.1.2.3.1.

4.1.2.3.2.

4.1.2.3.3.

4.1.3.

Cinder Cones (Scoria Cones)

4.1.3.1.

Structure and Morphology

4.1.3.1.1.

4.1.3.1.2.

Loose Pyroclastic Material

4.1.3.1.3.

4.1.3.2.

4.1.3.2.1.

Strombolian Activity

4.1.3.2.2.

Monogenetic Volcanism

4.1.3.3.

4.1.3.3.1.

4.1.3.3.2.

4.1.3.3.3.

4.2.

Large-Scale Volcanic Features

4.2.1.

4.2.1.1.

Formation Mechanisms

4.2.1.1.1.

Collapse Calderas

4.2.1.1.1.1.

Magma Chamber Evacuation

4.2.1.1.1.2.

4.2.1.1.2.

Explosive Calderas

4.2.1.1.2.1.

Catastrophic Eruptions

4.2.1.1.2.2.

Pyroclastic Flow Generation

4.2.1.2.

Types of Calderas

4.2.1.2.1.

Crater Lake Type

4.2.1.2.2.

Yellowstone Type

4.2.1.2.3.

4.2.1.3.

Resurgent Calderas

4.2.2.

4.2.2.1.

Definition and Criteria

4.2.2.1.1.

VEI 8 Eruptions

4.2.2.1.2.

4.2.2.1.3.

Eruption Volume

4.2.2.2.

4.2.2.2.1.

4.2.2.2.2.

4.2.2.2.3.

4.3.

Other Volcanic Landforms

4.3.1.

4.3.1.1.

Formation and Hazards

4.3.1.1.1.

Viscous Lava Extrusion

4.3.1.1.2.

Dome Growth Patterns

4.3.1.1.3.

Collapse Hazards

4.3.1.2.

4.3.1.2.1.

Endogenous Domes

4.3.1.2.2.

Exogenous Domes

4.3.1.2.3.

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

Structure and Eruptions

4.3.2.1.1.

4.3.2.1.2.

Curtains of Fire

4.3.2.1.3.

Spatter Ramparts

4.3.2.2.

4.3.2.2.1.

4.3.2.2.2.

4.3.3.

Lava Plateaus (Flood Basalts)

4.3.3.1.

Formation and Extent

4.3.3.1.1.

Large Igneous Provinces

4.3.3.1.2.

Continental Flood Basalts

4.3.3.1.3.

Oceanic Plateaus

4.3.3.2.

4.3.3.2.1.

Columbia River Basalts

4.3.3.2.2.

4.3.3.2.3.

4.3.4.

Maars and Tuff Rings

4.3.4.1.

Phreatomagmatic Origins

4.3.4.1.1.

Magma-Water Interaction

4.3.4.1.2.

Steam Explosions

4.3.4.2.

Morphological Features

4.3.5.

Submarine Volcanoes and Seamounts

4.3.5.1.

Formation and Distribution

4.3.5.1.1.

Underwater Eruptions

4.3.5.1.2.

Pillow Lava Formation

4.3.5.1.3.

Seamount Chains

4.3.5.2.

Hydrothermal Systems

4.3.6.

Geysers, Fumaroles, and Hot Springs

4.3.6.1.

Hydrothermal Features

4.3.6.1.1.

Geothermal Systems

4.3.6.1.2.

4.3.6.2.

Geochemical Processes

4.3.6.2.1.

Water-Rock Interaction

4.3.6.2.2.

Mineral Precipitation

4.3.6.2.3.

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5. Eruptive Processes and Styles