Urban Geography (Global Cities and Urbanization)

  1. The Process of Urbanization
    1. Defining and Measuring Urbanization
      1. Urban Population Percentage
        1. Rate of Urban Growth
          1. Urbanization vs. Urban Growth
            1. Challenges in Defining Urban
              1. Varying National Definitions
                1. Functional vs. Administrative Criteria
                  1. Threshold Populations
                2. Global Patterns of Urbanization
                  1. Regional Variations
                    1. Asia-Pacific Urbanization
                      1. African Urban Growth
                        1. Latin American Patterns
                        2. Megacities and Metacities
                          1. Definitions and Thresholds
                            1. Global Distribution
                              1. Growth Dynamics
                                1. Urban Agglomerations
                              2. Drivers of Urbanization
                                1. Rural-to-Urban Migration
                                  1. Push Factors
                                    1. Rural Poverty
                                      1. Agricultural Modernization
                                        1. Lack of Services
                                          1. Environmental Degradation
                                            1. Political Instability
                                            2. Pull Factors
                                              1. Employment Opportunities
                                                1. Access to Services
                                                  1. Educational Opportunities
                                                    1. Cultural Attractions
                                                  2. Natural Population Increase
                                                    1. Urban Fertility Rates
                                                      1. Mortality Patterns
                                                        1. Age Structure Effects
                                                        2. Reclassification and Boundary Changes
                                                          1. Administrative Reclassification
                                                            1. Urban Expansion
                                                              1. Annexation Processes
                                                            2. Consequences of Rapid Urbanization
                                                              1. Social Consequences
                                                                1. Informal Settlements
                                                                  1. Social Stratification
                                                                    1. Cultural Change
                                                                      1. Family Structure Changes
                                                                      2. Economic Consequences
                                                                        1. Labor Market Transformation
                                                                          1. Informal Economy Growth
                                                                            1. Infrastructure Strain
                                                                              1. Service Provision Challenges
                                                                              2. Environmental Consequences
                                                                                1. Pollution and Degradation
                                                                                  1. Resource Depletion
                                                                                    1. Urban Sprawl
                                                                                      1. Loss of Agricultural Land
                                                                                      2. Political Consequences
                                                                                        1. Governance Challenges
                                                                                          1. Service Delivery Issues
                                                                                            1. Political Mobilization
                                                                                          2. Suburbanization and Counter-urbanization
                                                                                            1. Suburban Growth Patterns
                                                                                              1. Transportation Innovations
                                                                                                1. Housing Preferences
                                                                                                  1. Employment Decentralization
                                                                                                    1. Government Policies
                                                                                                    2. Exurbanization
                                                                                                      1. Low-Density Development
                                                                                                        1. Rural-Urban Interface
                                                                                                          1. Lifestyle Migration

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                                                                                                      1. Introduction to Urban Geography

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                                                                                                      3. Urban Structure and Morphology