Turfgrass Management

2.

Turfgrass Anatomy and Physiology

2.1.

The Grass Plant

2.1.1.

Vegetative Structures

2.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.2.

2.1.1.1.3.

2.1.1.1.4.

2.1.1.1.5.

2.1.1.2.

2.1.1.2.1.

2.1.1.2.2.

2.1.1.2.3.

2.1.1.2.4.

2.1.1.3.

2.1.1.3.1.

Fibrous Root System

2.1.1.3.2.

2.1.1.3.3.

Root Depth and Distribution

2.1.1.3.4.

Adventitious Roots

2.1.2.

Reproductive Structures

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.1.1.

2.1.2.1.2.

Flowering Process

2.1.2.1.3.

Spikelet Structure

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.2.1.

Seed Components

2.1.2.2.2.

Germination Requirements

2.2.

Growth and Development

2.2.1.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

2.2.1.1.

Light Reactions

2.2.1.2.

Carbon Fixation Pathways

2.2.1.2.1.

C3 Photosynthesis

2.2.1.2.2.

C4 Photosynthesis

2.2.1.3.

Respiration Pathways

2.2.1.4.

Net Photosynthetic Rate

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Water Movement in Plants

2.2.2.2.

Stomatal Regulation

2.2.2.3.

Factors Affecting Transpiration Rate

2.2.3.

Carbohydrate Production and Storage

2.2.3.1.

Source-Sink Relationships

2.2.3.2.

2.2.3.2.1.

2.2.3.2.2.

2.2.3.2.3.

2.2.3.3.

Seasonal Carbohydrate Cycling

2.2.4.

Tillering and Shoot Density

2.2.4.1.

Tillering Process

2.2.4.2.

Factors Affecting Shoot Density

2.2.4.3.

Apical Dominance

2.2.5.

Vernation and Ligule Types for Identification

2.2.5.1.

Rolled Vernation

2.2.5.2.

Folded Vernation

2.2.5.3.

2.2.5.3.1.

2.2.5.3.2.

2.2.5.3.3.

2.3.

Environmental Factors Affecting Growth

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1.

Light Intensity Requirements

2.3.1.2.

Photoperiod Effects

2.3.1.3.

Shade Tolerance Mechanisms

2.3.1.4.

Light Quality Effects

2.3.2.

2.3.2.1.

Optimal Growth Temperature Ranges

2.3.2.2.

Heat Stress Responses

2.3.2.3.

Cold Stress and Winter Hardiness

2.3.2.4.

Temperature Fluctuation Effects

2.3.3.

2.3.3.1.

Water Availability and Uptake

2.3.3.2.

Drought Stress Responses

2.3.3.3.

Waterlogging Effects

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

Oxygen Requirements for Root Function

2.3.4.2.

Air Movement and Gas Exchange

2.3.4.3.

Carbon Dioxide Concentration Effects

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1. Introduction to Turfgrass Management

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3. Turfgrass Species Identification and Selection