Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena

4.

Transport Phenomena Fundamentals

4.1.

Introduction to Transport Processes

4.1.1.

Transport Mechanisms

4.1.1.1.

Molecular Transport

4.1.1.2.

Convective Transport

4.1.1.3.

Turbulent Transport

4.1.2.

Conservation Principles

4.1.2.1.

Conservation of Mass

4.1.2.2.

Conservation of Momentum

4.1.2.3.

Conservation of Energy

4.1.2.4.

Conservation of Species

4.1.3.

Transport Analogies

4.1.3.1.

Mathematical Analogies

4.1.3.2.

Physical Analogies

4.1.3.3.

Dimensionless Groups

4.1.4.

General Transport Equation

4.1.4.1.

Accumulation Term

4.1.4.2.

Input and Output Terms

4.1.4.3.

Generation and Consumption Terms

4.1.4.4.

General Balance Framework

4.2.

Momentum Transfer

4.2.1.

Fluid Properties

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.3.

Newtonian Fluids

4.2.1.4.

Non-Newtonian Fluids

4.2.1.5.

Rheological Models

4.2.2.

4.2.2.1.

Pressure Concepts

4.2.2.2.

Hydrostatic Pressure

4.2.2.3.

4.2.2.4.

Forces on Submerged Surfaces

4.2.2.5.

4.2.3.

Kinematics of Fluid Flow

4.2.3.1.

Velocity Fields

4.2.3.2.

4.2.3.3.

4.2.3.4.

4.2.3.5.

Flow Visualization

4.2.4.

Conservation of Mass

4.2.4.1.

Continuity Equation

4.2.4.2.

Differential Form

4.2.4.3.

4.2.4.4.

Incompressible Flow

4.2.4.5.

Compressible Flow

4.2.5.

Momentum Conservation

4.2.5.1.

Newton's Second Law for Fluids

4.2.5.2.

Navier-Stokes Equations

4.2.5.3.

Euler Equations

4.2.5.4.

Boundary Conditions

4.2.6.

Viscous Flow Solutions

4.2.6.1.

4.2.6.2.

Poiseuille Flow

4.2.6.3.

Flow Between Parallel Plates

4.2.6.4.

Flow in Circular Tubes

4.2.6.5.

Flow on Inclined Surfaces

4.2.7.

Dimensional Analysis

4.2.7.1.

Buckingham Pi Theorem

4.2.7.2.

Reynolds Number

4.2.7.3.

4.2.7.4.

4.2.7.5.

4.2.8.

4.2.8.1.

Boundary Layer Theory

4.2.8.2.

Laminar Boundary Layers

4.2.8.3.

Turbulent Boundary Layers

4.2.8.4.

Flow Separation

4.2.8.5.

4.2.9.

4.2.9.1.

Entrance Effects

4.2.9.2.

Fully Developed Flow

4.2.9.3.

Laminar Flow in Pipes

4.2.9.4.

Turbulent Flow in Pipes

4.2.9.5.

Friction Factors

4.2.9.6.

4.2.10.

Flow Through Porous Media

4.2.10.1.

4.2.10.2.

4.2.10.3.

4.2.10.4.

Packed Bed Flow

4.2.10.5.

4.3.

4.3.1.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

4.3.1.1.

4.3.1.2.

4.3.1.3.

4.3.1.4.

Combined Heat Transfer

4.3.2.

Conduction Heat Transfer

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

Thermal Conductivity

4.3.2.3.

Heat Diffusion Equation

4.3.2.4.

Boundary Conditions

4.3.2.5.

Initial Conditions

4.3.3.

Steady-State Conduction

4.3.3.1.

One-Dimensional Conduction

4.3.3.2.

4.3.3.3.

Cylindrical Systems

4.3.3.4.

Spherical Systems

4.3.3.5.

Composite Systems

4.3.3.6.

Heat Generation

4.3.3.7.

Extended Surfaces

4.3.4.

Transient Conduction

4.3.4.1.

Lumped Capacitance Method

4.3.4.2.

Semi-infinite Solids

4.3.4.3.

4.3.4.4.

Multidimensional Systems

4.3.4.5.

Numerical Methods

4.3.5.

Convection Heat Transfer

4.3.5.1.

Newton's Law of Cooling

4.3.5.2.

Heat Transfer Coefficient

4.3.5.3.

Thermal Boundary Layer

4.3.5.4.

4.3.5.5.

4.3.6.

Forced Convection

4.3.6.1.

4.3.6.2.

4.3.6.3.

Correlations for Heat Transfer

4.3.6.4.

Heat Transfer in Tubes

4.3.6.5.

Heat Transfer Over Surfaces

4.3.7.

Natural Convection

4.3.7.1.

Buoyancy-Driven Flow

4.3.7.2.

4.3.7.3.

Rayleigh Number

4.3.7.4.

Natural Convection Correlations

4.3.7.5.

Combined Natural and Forced Convection

4.3.8.

Radiation Heat Transfer

4.3.8.1.

Thermal Radiation Properties

4.3.8.2.

Blackbody Radiation

4.3.8.3.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

4.3.8.4.

4.3.8.5.

Wien's Displacement Law

4.3.9.

Radiation Exchange

4.3.9.1.

4.3.9.2.

Radiation Networks

4.3.9.3.

Gray Surface Analysis

4.3.9.4.

Radiation Shields

4.3.10.

Boiling and Condensation

4.3.10.1.

4.3.10.2.

4.3.10.3.

Film Condensation

4.3.10.4.

Dropwise Condensation

4.3.10.5.

Heat Transfer Correlations

4.3.11.

Heat Exchangers

4.3.11.1.

Heat Exchanger Types

4.3.11.2.

Log Mean Temperature Difference

4.3.11.3.

Effectiveness-NTU Method

4.3.11.4.

Heat Exchanger Design

4.3.11.5.

Fouling Effects

4.4.

4.4.1.

Mass Transfer Fundamentals

4.4.1.1.

Concentration Definitions

4.4.1.2.

Velocities and Fluxes

4.4.1.3.

Mass Transfer Mechanisms

4.4.2.

Molecular Diffusion

4.4.2.1.

Fick's Laws of Diffusion

4.4.2.2.

4.4.2.3.

Diffusion in Gases

4.4.2.4.

Diffusion in Liquids

4.4.2.5.

Diffusion in Solids

4.4.2.6.

Multicomponent Diffusion

4.4.3.

Steady-State Diffusion

4.4.3.1.

Diffusion Through Stagnant Films

4.4.3.2.

Equimolar Counterdiffusion

4.4.3.3.

Diffusion with Chemical Reaction

4.4.3.4.

Diffusion in Porous Media

4.4.4.

Unsteady-State Diffusion

4.4.4.1.

Transient Diffusion

4.4.4.2.

Semi-infinite Media

4.4.4.3.

4.4.4.4.

Numerical Solutions

4.4.5.

Convective Mass Transfer

4.4.5.1.

Mass Transfer Coefficient

4.4.5.2.

Concentration Boundary Layer

4.4.5.3.

Sherwood Number

4.4.5.4.

4.4.5.5.

Mass Transfer Analogies

4.4.6.

Mass Transfer Correlations

4.4.6.1.

Forced Convection Mass Transfer

4.4.6.2.

Natural Convection Mass Transfer

4.4.6.3.

Mass Transfer in Pipes

4.4.6.4.

Mass Transfer Over Surfaces

4.4.7.

Interphase Mass Transfer

4.4.7.1.

Two-Film Theory

4.4.7.2.

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients

4.4.7.3.

Gas-Liquid Systems

4.4.7.4.

Liquid-Liquid Systems

4.4.7.5.

Solid-Fluid Systems

4.4.8.

Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction

4.4.8.1.

Reaction in Homogeneous Systems

4.4.8.2.

Reaction at Interfaces

4.4.8.3.

Enhancement Factors

4.4.8.4.

4.4.9.

Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer

4.4.9.1.

Wet-Bulb Temperature

4.4.9.2.

Psychrometric Relations

4.4.9.3.

Drying Processes

4.4.9.4.

Cooling Tower Analysis

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