Thermal Physics

6.

Applications and Advanced Topics

6.1.

Phase Transitions

6.1.1.

Phases of Matter

6.1.1.1.

6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.3.

6.1.1.4.

6.1.1.5.

6.1.2.

6.1.2.1.

6.1.2.2.

Reading and Interpreting Diagrams

6.1.2.3.

Phase Boundaries

6.1.3.

Critical Points and Triple Points

6.1.3.1.

Triple Point Definition

6.1.3.2.

Critical Point Definition

6.1.3.3.

Critical Constants

6.1.4.

6.1.4.1.

Latent Heat of Fusion

6.1.4.2.

Latent Heat of Vaporization

6.1.4.3.

Latent Heat of Sublimation

6.1.5.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

6.1.5.1.

Derivation from Thermodynamics

6.1.5.2.

Applications to Phase Boundaries

6.1.5.3.

Vapor Pressure Curves

6.1.6.

Classification of Phase Transitions

6.1.6.1.

First-Order Phase Transitions

6.1.6.2.

Second-Order Phase Transitions

6.1.6.3.

Order Parameters

6.2.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

6.2.1.

6.2.1.1.

Mechanism of Heat Conduction

6.2.1.2.

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

6.2.1.3.

Thermal Conductivity

6.2.1.3.1.

Definition and Units

6.2.1.3.2.

Temperature Dependence

6.2.1.3.3.

Material Properties

6.2.1.4.

Heat Conduction Equation

6.2.1.5.

Steady-State Conduction

6.2.1.6.

Transient Conduction

6.2.2.

6.2.2.1.

Mechanism of Convective Heat Transfer

6.2.2.2.

Natural Convection

6.2.2.2.1.

Buoyancy-Driven Flow

6.2.2.2.2.

Rayleigh Number

6.2.2.3.

Forced Convection

6.2.2.3.1.

6.2.2.3.2.

6.2.2.4.

Heat Transfer Coefficient

6.2.2.5.

Dimensionless Numbers

6.2.3.

6.2.3.1.

Mechanism of Thermal Radiation

6.2.3.2.

Electromagnetic Nature

6.2.3.3.

Blackbody Radiation

6.2.3.3.1.

Definition and Properties

6.2.3.3.2.

6.2.3.4.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

6.2.3.4.1.

Mathematical Expression

6.2.3.5.

Wien's Displacement Law

6.2.3.5.1.

Mathematical Expression

6.2.3.5.2.

Peak Wavelength

6.2.3.6.

Emissivity and Real Surfaces

6.2.3.7.

Kirchhoff's Law

6.2.3.8.

Radiation Heat Transfer

6.3.

Quantum Statistics

6.3.1.

Quantum vs. Classical Statistics

6.3.2.

Indistinguishability in Quantum Mechanics

6.3.3.

Particle Statistics

6.3.3.1.

Bosons and Fermions

6.3.3.2.

Spin-Statistics Theorem

6.3.4.

Fermi-Dirac Statistics

6.3.4.1.

Distribution Function

6.3.4.2.

6.3.4.3.

6.3.4.4.

Applications to Electrons in Metals

6.3.5.

Bose-Einstein Statistics

6.3.5.1.

Distribution Function

6.3.5.2.

Bose-Einstein Condensation

6.3.5.2.1.

Critical Temperature

6.3.5.2.2.

Properties of Condensate

6.3.5.3.

Applications to Photons and Phonons

6.3.6.

Comparison of Statistics

6.4.

Thermodynamic Potentials

6.4.1.

Legendre Transformations

6.4.2.

Internal Energy

6.4.2.1.

Definition and Properties

6.4.2.2.

Natural Variables

6.4.3.

6.4.3.1.

Definition and Properties

6.4.3.2.

Natural Variables

6.4.4.

Helmholtz Free Energy

6.4.4.1.

Definition and Properties

6.4.4.2.

Natural Variables

6.4.5.

Gibbs Free Energy

6.4.5.1.

Definition and Properties

6.4.5.2.

Natural Variables

6.4.5.3.

Chemical Potential

6.4.6.

Maxwell Relations

6.4.6.1.

Derivation from Exact Differentials

6.4.6.2.

Four Maxwell Relations

6.4.6.3.

Applications in Thermodynamics

6.4.7.

Thermodynamic Identities

6.4.8.

Stability Conditions

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1. Introduction to Thermal Physics