Thermal Physics

  1. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
    1. Heat as Energy Transfer
      1. Definition of Heat
        1. Heat vs. Temperature
          1. Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
            1. Units of Heat
              1. Calorie
                1. Joule
                  1. BTU
                  2. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
                    1. Joule's Experiment
                      1. Energy Conversion Principles
                        1. Historical Significance
                      2. Internal Energy
                        1. Definition of Internal Energy
                          1. Components of Internal Energy
                            1. Translational Energy
                              1. Rotational Energy
                                1. Vibrational Energy
                                  1. Potential Energy of Molecules
                                    1. Electronic Energy
                                    2. Internal Energy as a State Function
                                      1. Relation to Temperature
                                        1. Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
                                          1. Monatomic Gases
                                            1. Diatomic Gases
                                              1. Polyatomic Gases
                                            2. Work in Thermodynamics
                                              1. Definition of Work in Thermodynamics
                                                1. Work Done by an Expanding Gas
                                                  1. Expression for Work (PdV)
                                                    1. Graphical Interpretation
                                                    2. Work in Different Processes
                                                      1. Constant Pressure Work
                                                        1. Constant Volume Work
                                                          1. General Process Work
                                                          2. Path Dependence of Work and Heat
                                                            1. State Functions vs. Path Functions
                                                              1. Examples and Implications
                                                                1. Exact and Inexact Differentials
                                                              2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
                                                                1. Statement of the Law
                                                                  1. Conservation of Energy Principle
                                                                    1. Mathematical Formulation
                                                                      1. ΔU = Q - W
                                                                        1. Differential Form
                                                                        2. Sign Conventions
                                                                          1. Work Done by System
                                                                            1. Work Done on System
                                                                              1. Heat Added to System
                                                                                1. Heat Removed from System
                                                                                2. Applications of the First Law
                                                                                  1. Isolated Systems
                                                                                    1. Cyclic Processes
                                                                                  2. Thermodynamic Processes
                                                                                    1. Quasi-Static Processes
                                                                                      1. Definition and Characteristics
                                                                                        1. Equilibrium Assumption
                                                                                        2. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
                                                                                          1. Criteria for Reversibility
                                                                                            1. Sources of Irreversibility
                                                                                              1. Friction and Dissipation
                                                                                              2. P-V Diagrams
                                                                                                1. Representation of Processes
                                                                                                  1. Area Under the Curve as Work
                                                                                                    1. Cyclic Processes on P-V Diagrams
                                                                                                    2. Specific Processes for an Ideal Gas
                                                                                                      1. Isobaric Processes
                                                                                                        1. Constant Pressure Condition
                                                                                                          1. Work Done
                                                                                                            1. Change in Internal Energy
                                                                                                              1. Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                1. P-V Diagram Representation
                                                                                                                2. Isochoric Processes
                                                                                                                  1. Constant Volume Condition
                                                                                                                    1. Work Done
                                                                                                                      1. Change in Internal Energy
                                                                                                                        1. Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                          1. P-V Diagram Representation
                                                                                                                          2. Isothermal Processes
                                                                                                                            1. Constant Temperature Condition
                                                                                                                              1. Work Done
                                                                                                                                1. Change in Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                  1. Heat Transfer
                                                                                                                                    1. P-V Diagram Representation
                                                                                                                                    2. Adiabatic Processes
                                                                                                                                      1. No Heat Transfer Condition
                                                                                                                                        1. Work Done
                                                                                                                                          1. Change in Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                            1. Adiabatic Relations
                                                                                                                                              1. P-V Diagram Representation
                                                                                                                                            2. Polytropic Processes
                                                                                                                                              1. General Form
                                                                                                                                                1. Special Cases
                                                                                                                                              2. Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
                                                                                                                                                1. Definition of Heat Capacity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Specific Heat
                                                                                                                                                    1. Definition and Units
                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                      2. Molar Heat Capacity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Heat Capacity at Constant Volume
                                                                                                                                                          1. Definition (Cv)
                                                                                                                                                            1. Relation to Internal Energy
                                                                                                                                                            2. Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition (Cp)
                                                                                                                                                                1. Relation to Enthalpy
                                                                                                                                                                2. Relationship between Cp and Cv
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mayer's Relation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Derivation for Ideal Gas
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Adiabatic Index
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Definition (γ = Cp/Cv)
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Significance in Adiabatic Processes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Values for Different Gases
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Measurement of Heat Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Calorimetry Methods
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Enthalpy
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Definition of Enthalpy
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enthalpy as a State Function
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Physical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Enthalpy Change in Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Constant Pressure Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phase Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Applications in Chemistry and Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Combustion Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Reactions

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                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction to Thermal Physics

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                                                                                                                                                                                        3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics