Thermal Physics

  1. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    1. Spontaneous Processes and Directionality
      1. Definition of Spontaneity
        1. Examples of Spontaneous Processes
          1. Examples of Non-Spontaneous Processes
            1. Directionality in Natural Processes
              1. Irreversibility in Nature
              2. Heat Engines
                1. Definition and Purpose
                  1. Components of Heat Engines
                    1. Working Substance
                      1. Heat Source (Hot Reservoir)
                        1. Heat Sink (Cold Reservoir)
                          1. Work Output Mechanism
                          2. Schematic and Operation
                            1. Thermal Efficiency
                              1. Definition and Calculation
                                1. Factors Affecting Efficiency
                                  1. Theoretical Limits
                                  2. The Kelvin-Planck Statement
                                    1. Statement of the Second Law
                                      1. Implications and Consequences
                                        1. Impossibility of Perfect Heat Engine
                                      2. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
                                        1. Definition and Purpose
                                          1. Components and Operation
                                            1. Working Principle
                                              1. Heat Extraction Process
                                                1. Heat Rejection Process
                                                  1. Work Input Requirement
                                                  2. Coefficient of Performance
                                                    1. Definition for Refrigerators
                                                      1. Definition for Heat Pumps
                                                        1. Calculation Methods
                                                          1. Comparison with Efficiency
                                                          2. The Clausius Statement
                                                            1. Statement of the Second Law
                                                              1. Implications and Consequences
                                                                1. Impossibility of Perfect Refrigerator
                                                                2. Equivalence of Statements
                                                                  1. Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Equivalence
                                                                    1. Logical Proof of Equivalence
                                                                  2. The Carnot Cycle
                                                                    1. The Ideal Heat Engine
                                                                      1. Assumptions and Model
                                                                        1. Reversible Operation
                                                                        2. Steps of the Carnot Cycle
                                                                          1. Isothermal Expansion
                                                                            1. Process Description
                                                                              1. Work and Heat Transfer
                                                                              2. Adiabatic Expansion
                                                                                1. Process Description
                                                                                  1. Work and Heat Transfer
                                                                                  2. Isothermal Compression
                                                                                    1. Process Description
                                                                                      1. Work and Heat Transfer
                                                                                      2. Adiabatic Compression
                                                                                        1. Process Description
                                                                                          1. Work and Heat Transfer
                                                                                        2. P-V Diagram of Carnot Cycle
                                                                                          1. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine
                                                                                            1. Derivation of Efficiency
                                                                                              1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                1. Maximum Possible Efficiency
                                                                                                2. Carnot's Theorem
                                                                                                  1. Statement and Proof
                                                                                                    1. Consequences for Real Engines
                                                                                                    2. Carnot Refrigerator
                                                                                                      1. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
                                                                                                        1. Definition Based on Carnot Engine
                                                                                                          1. Independence from Working Substance
                                                                                                        2. Entropy
                                                                                                          1. Historical Development
                                                                                                            1. Definition of Entropy Change
                                                                                                              1. Clausius Definition
                                                                                                                1. Mathematical Expression (dS = dQ/T)
                                                                                                                2. Entropy as a State Function
                                                                                                                  1. Calculating Entropy Changes
                                                                                                                    1. Reversible Processes
                                                                                                                      1. Irreversible Processes
                                                                                                                        1. Entropy Changes for Ideal Gases
                                                                                                                          1. Isothermal Processes
                                                                                                                            1. Adiabatic Processes
                                                                                                                              1. General Processes
                                                                                                                            2. Entropy and Reversibility
                                                                                                                              1. Entropy in Reversible Processes
                                                                                                                                1. Entropy in Irreversible Processes
                                                                                                                                  1. Entropy Generation
                                                                                                                                  2. The Principle of Increase of Entropy
                                                                                                                                    1. Statement for Isolated Systems
                                                                                                                                      1. Implications and Consequences
                                                                                                                                        1. Entropy and Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                        2. Entropy and the Arrow of Time
                                                                                                                                          1. Time's Directionality in Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                                            1. Cosmological Implications
                                                                                                                                            2. Entropy and Disorder
                                                                                                                                              1. Qualitative Understanding
                                                                                                                                                1. Statistical Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Limitations of Disorder Analogy
                                                                                                                                                2. The Third Law of Thermodynamics
                                                                                                                                                  1. Statement of the Third Law
                                                                                                                                                    1. Nernst Heat Theorem
                                                                                                                                                      1. Unattainability of Absolute Zero
                                                                                                                                                        1. Consequences for Entropy
                                                                                                                                                          1. Entropy at Absolute Zero
                                                                                                                                                            1. Residual Entropy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Perfect Crystals
                                                                                                                                                              2. Applications and Implications

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                                                                                                                                                            4. Kinetic Theory of Gases