The Economics of Innovation and Technology

6.

Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth

6.1.

Technology in Growth Models

6.1.1.

The Solow Growth Model

6.1.1.1.

Technology as an Exogenous Factor

6.1.1.1.1.

Technological Progress Assumptions

6.1.1.1.2.

Growth Accounting Framework

6.1.1.2.

Limitations of the Model

6.1.1.2.1.

Black Box Treatment of Technology

6.1.1.2.2.

Exogenous Technology Assumption

6.1.2.

The Solow Residual

6.1.2.1.

Measurement of Total Factor Productivity

6.1.2.1.1.

Growth Accounting Methodology

6.1.2.1.2.

Data Requirements

6.1.2.2.

Interpretation and Challenges

6.1.2.2.1.

Technology vs Other Factors

6.1.2.2.2.

Measurement Errors

6.2.

Endogenous Growth Theory

6.2.1.

R&D-Based Growth Models

6.2.1.1.

6.2.1.1.1.

Knowledge as Input

6.2.1.1.2.

Increasing Returns to Scale

6.2.1.2.

Aghion-Howitt Model

6.2.1.2.1.

Quality Ladders

6.2.1.2.2.

Creative Destruction

6.2.1.3.

Semi-Endogenous Growth Models

6.2.1.3.1.

Population and Growth

6.2.1.3.2.

R&D Productivity Decline

6.2.2.

Human Capital and Knowledge Accumulation

6.2.2.1.

Education and Training

6.2.2.1.1.

Skill Development

6.2.2.1.2.

Knowledge Spillovers

6.2.2.2.

Learning by Doing

6.2.2.2.1.

Experience Effects

6.2.2.2.2.

Productivity Growth

6.2.3.

The Role of Increasing Returns to Scale

6.2.3.1.

Knowledge Spillovers

6.2.3.1.1.

Inter-firm Learning

6.2.3.1.2.

Geographic Spillovers

6.2.3.2.

Network Externalities

6.2.3.2.1.

Technology Adoption

6.2.3.2.2.

Standard Setting

6.3.

Measuring Technological Impact

6.3.1.

Productivity Measurement Challenges

6.3.1.1.

Data Limitations

6.3.1.1.1.

Output Measurement

6.3.1.1.2.

Input Quality Adjustments

6.3.1.2.

Attribution Issues

6.3.1.2.1.

Technology vs Other Factors

6.3.1.2.2.

Timing of Effects

6.3.2.

The Productivity Paradox

6.3.2.1.

Explanations and Debates

6.3.2.1.1.

Measurement Problems

6.3.2.1.2.

Adjustment Lags

6.3.2.1.3.

Complementary Investments

6.3.2.2.

6.3.2.2.1.

Digital Economy Effects

6.3.2.2.2.

Service Sector Productivity

6.3.3.

Innovation Indicators

6.3.3.1.

Patent-Based Measures

6.3.3.2.

6.3.3.3.

Innovation Surveys

6.4.

Technology, Labor Markets, and Inequality

6.4.1.

Skill-Biased Technical Change

6.4.1.1.

Impact on Wage Structure

6.4.1.1.1.

Skill Premium Changes

6.4.1.1.2.

Wage Polarization

6.4.1.2.

Demand for High-Skill Labor

6.4.1.2.1.

Complementarity with Technology

6.4.1.2.2.

Education Requirements

6.4.2.

Job Creation and Destruction

6.4.2.1.

Sectoral Shifts

6.4.2.1.1.

Manufacturing to Services

6.4.2.1.2.

Technology Sector Growth

6.4.2.2.

Labor Market Adjustment

6.4.2.2.1.

Retraining Needs

6.4.2.2.2.

Geographic Mobility

6.4.3.

The Future of Work and Automation

6.4.3.1.

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

6.4.3.1.1.

Task Automation

6.4.3.1.2.

Human-Machine Collaboration

6.4.3.2.

Policy Responses

6.4.3.2.1.

Education and Training

6.4.3.2.2.

Social Safety Nets

6.4.4.

Technology and Income Distribution

6.4.4.1.

Capital vs Labor Income

6.4.4.2.

Superstar Effects

6.4.4.3.

Platform Economy Impacts

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