Textiles

5.

Textile Finishing

5.1.

Preparatory Treatments (Pre-treatments)

5.1.1.

5.1.1.1.

5.1.1.2.

5.1.1.3.

Fiber Removal Process

5.1.2.

5.1.2.1.

Enzymatic Desizing

5.1.2.2.

5.1.2.3.

Oxidative Desizing

5.1.2.4.

Size Removal Methods

5.1.3.

5.1.3.1.

Alkaline Scouring

5.1.3.2.

Natural Impurity Removal

5.1.3.3.

Wax and Pectin Elimination

5.1.4.

5.1.4.1.

Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching

5.1.4.2.

Sodium Hypochlorite Bleaching

5.1.4.3.

Optical Brightening

5.1.4.4.

Color Removal Process

5.1.5.

Mercerization (for cotton)

5.1.5.1.

Caustic Soda Treatment

5.1.5.2.

Luster Enhancement

5.1.5.3.

Strength Improvement

5.1.5.4.

Dimensional Changes

5.2.

5.2.1.

Dyes and Pigments

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.1.1.

5.2.1.1.1.1.

Application Process

5.2.1.1.1.2.

5.2.1.1.1.3.

Fastness Properties

5.2.1.1.2.

5.2.1.1.2.1.

Chemical Bonding

5.2.1.1.2.2.

Fixation Process

5.2.1.1.2.3.

5.2.1.1.3.

5.2.1.1.3.1.

Synthetic Fiber Dyeing

5.2.1.1.3.2.

Heat Setting Process

5.2.1.1.3.3.

Sublimation Properties

5.2.1.1.4.

5.2.1.1.4.1.

Protein Fiber Application

5.2.1.1.4.2.

pH Requirements

5.2.1.1.4.3.

Leveling Properties

5.2.1.1.5.

5.2.1.1.5.1.

Cationic Character

5.2.1.1.5.2.

5.2.1.1.5.3.

Limited Fastness

5.2.1.1.6.

5.2.1.1.6.1.

5.2.1.1.6.2.

Reduction Process

5.2.1.1.6.3.

Excellent Fastness

5.2.1.1.7.

5.2.1.1.7.1.

Dark Color Production

5.2.1.1.7.2.

Economic Advantages

5.2.1.1.7.3.

Environmental Concerns

5.2.1.1.8.

Metal Complex Dyes

5.2.1.1.8.1.

5.2.1.1.8.2.

Premetalized Dyes

5.2.1.1.8.3.

Fastness Properties

5.2.1.2.

5.2.1.2.1.

Inorganic Pigments

5.2.1.2.2.

Organic Pigments

5.2.1.2.3.

Application Methods

5.2.1.2.3.1.

Padding Process

5.2.1.2.3.2.

Printing Applications

5.2.1.2.3.3.

Binder Requirements

5.2.2.

Dyeing Processes

5.2.2.1.

Fiber Dyeing (Stock Dyeing)

5.2.2.1.1.

Loose Fiber Processing

5.2.2.1.2.

Uniform Color Distribution

5.2.2.1.3.

Blending Advantages

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.3.

5.2.2.2.4.

5.2.2.3.

Piece Dyeing (Fabric Dyeing)

5.2.2.3.1.

5.2.2.3.2.

5.2.2.3.3.

5.2.2.3.4.

Continuous Dyeing

5.2.2.4.

5.2.2.4.1.

Finished Product Coloring

5.2.2.4.2.

Flexibility Advantages

5.2.2.4.3.

Processing Challenges

5.2.3.

Dyeing Equipment

5.2.3.1.

Batch Dyeing Machines

5.2.3.1.1.

5.2.3.1.2.

Jet Dyeing Machine

5.2.3.1.3.

5.2.3.1.4.

Package Dyeing Machine

5.2.3.2.

Continuous Dyeing Machines

5.2.3.2.1.

Pad-Steam Range

5.2.3.2.2.

Pad-Dry-Cure Range

5.2.3.2.3.

Thermosol Process

5.2.4.

Printing Methods

5.2.4.1.

Roller Printing

5.2.4.1.1.

Engraved Roller System

5.2.4.1.2.

Multi-color Capability

5.2.4.1.3.

High Production Speed

5.2.4.2.

Screen Printing

5.2.4.2.1.

Flatbed Screen Printing

5.2.4.2.1.1.

5.2.4.2.1.2.

Semi-automatic Systems

5.2.4.2.2.

Rotary Screen Printing

5.2.4.2.2.1.

Continuous Process

5.2.4.2.2.2.

High Speed Production

5.2.4.2.2.3.

Seamless Screens

5.2.4.3.

Heat Transfer Printing

5.2.4.3.1.

Sublimation Transfer

5.2.4.3.2.

Wet Transfer Process

5.2.4.3.3.

Digital Applications

5.2.4.4.

Digital Inkjet Printing

5.2.4.4.1.

Drop-on-Demand Systems

5.2.4.4.2.

Continuous Inkjet

5.2.4.4.3.

Reactive Ink Systems

5.2.4.4.4.

Pigment Ink Systems

5.2.4.5.

5.2.4.5.1.

Hand Printing Process

5.2.4.5.2.

Traditional Methods

5.2.4.5.3.

Artisan Applications

5.2.5.

Color Matching and Quality Control

5.2.5.1.

5.2.5.1.1.

CIE Color System

5.2.5.1.2.

Spectrophotometry

5.2.5.1.3.

Color Difference Measurement

5.2.5.2.

5.2.5.2.1.

Light Source Effects

5.2.5.2.2.

Observer Variations

5.2.5.3.

Color Fastness Testing

5.2.5.3.1.

Standard Test Methods

5.2.5.3.2.

5.3.

Functional Finishes

5.3.1.

Aesthetic Finishes

5.3.1.1.

5.3.1.1.1.

Pressure and Heat Application

5.3.1.1.2.

Surface Smoothness

5.3.1.1.3.

Luster Enhancement

5.3.1.1.4.

5.3.1.1.4.1.

Resin Application

5.3.1.1.4.2.

High Gloss Effects

5.3.1.1.5.

5.3.1.1.5.1.

Pattern Transfer

5.3.1.1.5.2.

Textural Effects

5.3.1.1.5.3.

5.3.1.2.

Napping and Brushing

5.3.1.2.1.

Fiber Raising Process

5.3.1.2.2.

Surface Texture Creation

5.3.1.2.3.

Warmth Enhancement

5.3.1.3.

5.3.1.3.1.

Pile Height Control

5.3.1.3.2.

Surface Uniformity

5.3.1.3.3.

Velvet Finishing

5.3.1.4.

5.3.1.4.1.

Watermark Effects

5.3.1.4.2.

Pressure Application

5.3.1.4.3.

Rib Fabric Processing

5.3.1.5.

5.3.1.5.1.

Abrasive Treatment

5.3.1.5.2.

Peach Skin Effect

5.3.1.5.3.

Surface Softening

5.3.2.

Performance-Enhancing Finishes

5.3.2.1.

Water Repellent

5.3.2.1.1.

Fluorocarbon Treatments

5.3.2.1.2.

Silicone Applications

5.3.2.1.3.

Durable Water Repellency

5.3.2.2.

5.3.2.2.1.

Coating Applications

5.3.2.2.2.

Lamination Process

5.3.2.2.3.

Breathable Membranes

5.3.2.3.

Wrinkle Resistant

5.3.2.3.1.

Crosslinking Agents

5.3.2.3.2.

Resin Application

5.3.2.3.3.

5.3.2.4.

5.3.2.4.1.

Permanent Press Process

5.3.2.4.2.

Dimensional Stability

5.3.2.4.3.

Care Properties

5.3.2.5.

Flame Retardant

5.3.2.5.1.

Chemical Treatments

5.3.2.5.2.

Inherent Flame Resistance

5.3.2.5.3.

Regulatory Requirements

5.3.2.6.

5.3.2.6.1.

Silver Ion Treatments

5.3.2.6.2.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

5.3.2.6.3.

Triclosan Applications

5.3.2.7.

5.3.2.7.1.

Zinc Oxide Treatments

5.3.2.7.2.

Copper-based Systems

5.3.2.7.3.

Testing Methods

5.3.2.8.

5.3.2.8.1.

Hydrophilic Treatments

5.3.2.8.2.

Stain Resistance

5.3.2.8.3.

Easy Care Properties

5.3.2.9.

5.3.2.9.1.

Conductive Fiber Addition

5.3.2.9.2.

Topical Treatments

5.3.2.9.3.

Humidity Control

5.3.2.10.

5.3.2.10.1.

5.3.2.10.2.

5.3.2.10.3.

SPF Rating Systems

5.3.2.11.

Moisture Management

5.3.2.11.1.

Wicking Treatments

5.3.2.11.2.

Phase Change Materials

5.3.2.11.3.

Thermal Regulation

5.3.3.

Specialty Finishes

5.3.3.1.

Enzyme Treatments

5.3.3.1.1.

Cellulase Enzymes

5.3.3.1.2.

5.3.3.1.3.

Stone Washing Effects

5.3.3.2.

Plasma Treatments

5.3.3.2.1.

Surface Modification

5.3.3.2.2.

Adhesion Improvement

5.3.3.2.3.

Environmental Benefits

5.3.3.3.

Nanotechnology Applications

5.3.3.3.1.

Nanoparticle Treatments

5.3.3.3.2.

Self-cleaning Properties

5.3.3.3.3.

Enhanced Performance

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6. Textile Properties and Testing