Textiles

2.

2.1.

Fiber Classification

2.1.1.

2.1.1.1.

Plant-Based (Cellulosic) Fibers

2.1.1.2.

Animal-Based (Protein) Fibers

2.1.1.3.

2.1.2.

Manufactured (Man-Made) Fibers

2.1.2.1.

Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers

2.1.2.2.

Synthetic Polymer Fibers

2.1.2.3.

Inorganic Fibers

2.2.

2.2.1.

Plant-Based (Cellulosic) Fibers

2.2.1.1.

2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.1.1.1.1.

Botanical Origin

2.2.1.1.1.2.

Varieties and Grades

2.2.1.1.1.3.

Properties and Uses

2.2.1.1.1.4.

Major Producers

2.2.1.1.1.5.

Processing Methods

2.2.1.1.2.

2.2.1.1.2.1.

Source and Characteristics

2.2.1.2.

2.2.1.2.1.

2.2.1.2.1.1.

Cultivation and Processing

2.2.1.2.1.2.

Properties and Uses

2.2.1.2.1.3.

2.2.1.2.2.

2.2.1.2.2.1.

Historical and Modern Uses

2.2.1.2.2.2.

Environmental Impact

2.2.1.2.2.3.

Processing Challenges

2.2.1.2.3.

2.2.1.2.3.1.

Production and Applications

2.2.1.2.3.2.

Economic Importance

2.2.1.2.4.

2.2.1.2.4.1.

Processing Challenges

2.2.1.2.4.2.

2.2.1.2.5.

2.2.1.2.5.1.

Historical Uses

2.2.1.2.5.2.

Modern Applications

2.2.1.3.

2.2.1.3.1.

2.2.1.3.1.1.

Extraction and Properties

2.2.1.3.1.2.

Uses in Ropes and Cordage

2.2.1.3.2.

Abacá (Manila Hemp)

2.2.1.3.2.1.

Source and Applications

2.2.1.3.2.2.

Marine Applications

2.2.1.3.3.

Pineapple Leaf Fiber

2.2.1.3.3.1.

Extraction Methods

2.2.1.3.3.2.

Sustainable Applications

2.2.1.4.

2.2.1.4.1.

2.2.1.4.1.1.

Processing Methods

2.2.2.

Animal-Based (Protein) Fibers

2.2.2.1.

Hair and Fleece Fibers

2.2.2.1.1.

2.2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.2.1.1.2.

Properties and Grading

2.2.2.1.1.3.

Wool Processing

2.2.2.1.1.4.

Quality Assessment

2.2.2.1.2.

2.2.2.1.2.1.

2.2.2.1.2.2.

Fineness and Luxury Applications

2.2.2.1.2.3.

Grading Systems

2.2.2.1.3.

2.2.2.1.3.1.

Angora Goat Origin

2.2.2.1.3.2.

Properties and Uses

2.2.2.1.3.3.

Quality Classifications

2.2.2.1.4.

2.2.2.1.4.1.

South American Origin

2.2.2.1.4.2.

Fiber Characteristics

2.2.2.1.4.3.

Grades and Uses

2.2.2.1.5.

2.2.2.1.5.1.

2.2.2.1.5.2.

Processing Methods

2.2.2.1.6.

2.2.2.1.6.1.

Sources and Properties

2.2.2.1.6.2.

Uses in Textiles

2.2.2.1.7.

2.2.2.1.7.1.

Characteristics

2.2.2.1.7.2.

Regional Applications

2.2.2.2.

Secretion Fibers

2.2.2.2.1.

2.2.2.2.1.1.

2.2.2.2.1.1.1.

Sericulture Process

2.2.2.2.1.1.2.

Properties and Grades

2.2.2.2.1.2.

2.2.2.2.1.2.1.

2.2.2.2.1.2.2.

2.2.2.2.1.2.3.

2.2.2.2.1.3.

Processing Methods

2.2.2.2.1.4.

Quality Assessment

2.2.3.

2.2.3.1.

Asbestos (Historical)

2.2.3.1.1.

Properties and Historical Uses

2.2.3.1.2.

Health and Safety Concerns

2.2.3.1.3.

Regulatory Status

2.3.

Manufactured Fibers

2.3.1.

Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers

2.3.1.1.

Rayon (Viscose)

2.3.1.1.1.

Production Process

2.3.1.1.2.

Properties and Uses

2.3.1.1.3.

Environmental Considerations

2.3.1.2.

Lyocell (Tencel)

2.3.1.2.1.

Closed-Loop Production

2.3.1.2.2.

Environmental Benefits

2.3.1.2.3.

Properties and Applications

2.3.1.3.

2.3.1.3.1.

Source and Characteristics

2.3.1.3.2.

Processing Methods

2.3.1.3.3.

2.3.1.4.

2.3.1.4.1.

Chemical Modification

2.3.1.4.2.

2.3.1.5.

2.3.1.5.1.

Production Process

2.3.2.

Synthetic Polymer Fibers

2.3.2.1.

Polyester (PET)

2.3.2.1.1.

Polymerization Process

2.3.2.1.2.

Properties and Applications

2.3.2.1.3.

Recycled Polyester

2.3.2.2.

Polyamide (Nylon)

2.3.2.2.1.

2.3.2.2.1.1.

2.3.2.2.1.2.

2.3.2.2.1.3.

2.3.2.2.1.4.

2.3.2.2.2.

2.3.2.3.

2.3.2.3.1.

Production Process

2.3.2.3.2.

Wool Substitute Properties

2.3.2.3.3.

2.3.2.4.

2.3.2.4.1.

Flame Resistance Properties

2.3.2.5.

Spandex (Elastane/Lycra)

2.3.2.5.1.

Production Process

2.3.2.5.2.

Stretch and Recovery Properties

2.3.2.5.3.

Uses in Apparel

2.3.2.6.

Olefin (Polypropylene)

2.3.2.6.1.

Production Methods

2.3.2.6.2.

Lightweight and Hydrophobic Properties

2.3.2.6.3.

Industrial and Apparel Uses

2.3.2.7.

2.3.2.7.1.

2.3.2.7.1.1.

Production Process

2.3.2.7.1.2.

High Strength Properties

2.3.2.7.1.3.

Protective Uses

2.3.2.7.2.

2.3.2.7.2.1.

Heat and Flame Resistance

2.3.2.8.

2.3.2.8.1.

Production Methods

2.3.2.9.

2.3.2.9.1.

Manufacturing Process

2.3.2.9.2.

Properties and Uses

2.3.3.

Bio-based Synthetic Fibers

2.3.3.1.

PLA (Polylactic Acid)

2.3.3.1.1.

Production from Plant Sources

2.3.3.1.2.

Biodegradability

2.3.3.2.

PTT (Polytrimethylene Terephthalate)

2.3.3.2.1.

Bio-based Production

2.3.3.2.2.

Properties and Uses

2.4.

Fiber Properties

2.4.1.

Physical Properties

2.4.1.1.

2.4.1.1.1.

Staple vs. Filament

2.4.1.1.2.

Measurement Methods

2.4.1.2.

2.4.1.2.1.

2.4.1.2.2.

2.4.1.2.3.

2.4.1.3.

2.4.1.3.1.

Natural vs. Induced

2.4.1.3.2.

Effect on Properties

2.4.1.4.

2.4.1.4.1.

Factors Affecting Luster

2.4.1.4.2.

Measurement Methods

2.4.1.5.

2.4.1.5.1.

Natural Pigmentation

2.4.1.5.2.

2.4.1.6.

Cross-sectional Shape

2.4.1.6.1.

2.4.1.6.2.

2.4.1.6.3.

2.4.1.6.4.

2.4.2.

Mechanical Properties

2.4.2.1.

Tenacity (Strength)

2.4.2.1.1.

Measurement Methods

2.4.2.1.2.

Factors Affecting Strength

2.4.2.2.

Elongation and Elastic Recovery

2.4.2.2.1.

Breaking Elongation

2.4.2.2.2.

Elastic Recovery

2.4.2.2.3.

2.4.2.3.

Abrasion Resistance

2.4.2.3.1.

Testing Methods

2.4.2.3.2.

Factors Affecting Resistance

2.4.2.4.

2.4.2.4.1.

Bending Properties

2.4.2.4.2.

Fatigue Resistance

2.4.2.5.

2.4.2.5.1.

Compression Recovery

2.4.2.5.2.

Wrinkle Recovery

2.4.3.

Chemical Properties

2.4.3.1.

Absorbency and Moisture Regain

2.4.3.1.1.

Hygroscopic Properties

2.4.3.1.2.

Moisture Transport

2.4.3.2.

Reaction to Acids and Alkalis

2.4.3.2.1.

Chemical Resistance

2.4.3.2.2.

Degradation Mechanisms

2.4.3.3.

2.4.3.3.1.

Ignition Properties

2.4.3.3.2.

Burning Characteristics

2.4.3.3.3.

Flame Retardant Treatments

2.4.3.4.

Resistance to Sunlight and Weathering

2.4.3.4.1.

2.4.3.4.2.

Photodegradation Mechanisms

2.4.3.4.3.

Stabilization Methods

2.4.3.5.

Solvent Resistance

2.4.3.5.1.

Organic Solvent Effects

2.4.3.5.2.

Dry Cleaning Compatibility

2.4.4.

Thermal Properties

2.4.4.1.

Heat Conductivity

2.4.4.1.1.

Insulation Properties

2.4.4.1.2.

Thermal Comfort

2.4.4.2.

Heat Resistance

2.4.4.2.1.

2.4.4.2.2.

Decomposition Temperature

2.4.4.2.3.

Heat Setting Properties

2.4.4.3.

Thermal Expansion

2.4.4.3.1.

Dimensional Stability

2.4.4.3.2.

Temperature Effects

2.4.5.

Electrical Properties

2.4.5.1.

Static Electricity Generation

2.4.5.2.

Electrical Conductivity

2.4.5.3.

Dielectric Properties

2.5.

Fiber Identification Methods

2.5.1.

Visual and Tactile Examination

2.5.1.1.

Appearance Characteristics

2.5.1.2.

Hand Feel Assessment

2.5.2.

Microscopic Examination

2.5.2.1.

Longitudinal View Analysis

2.5.2.2.

Cross-sectional Analysis

2.5.2.3.

Surface Features

2.5.2.4.

Staining Techniques

2.5.3.

2.5.3.1.

2.5.3.2.

Odor Characteristics

2.5.3.3.

Residue Analysis

2.5.3.4.

Safety Precautions

2.5.4.

Solubility Test

2.5.4.1.

Chemical Reagents

2.5.4.2.

Test Procedures

2.5.4.3.

Interpretation of Results

2.5.5.

Melting Point Test

2.5.5.1.

Hot Stage Microscopy

2.5.5.2.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

2.5.6.

2.5.6.1.

Gradient Column Method

2.5.6.2.

Flotation Method

2.5.7.

Infrared Spectroscopy

2.5.7.1.

2.5.7.2.

Spectral Interpretation

2.5.8.

X-ray Diffraction

2.5.8.1.

Crystallinity Analysis

2.5.8.2.

Structural Identification

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1. Introduction to Textiles

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3. Yarn Production (Spinning)