Textiles

  1. Fabric Construction
    1. Weaving
      1. The Weaving Process
        1. Shedding
          1. Shed Formation
            1. Harness Systems
            2. Picking
              1. Weft Insertion
                1. Shuttle Systems
                  1. Shuttleless Systems
                  2. Beating-up
                    1. Reed Function
                      1. Beat-up Force
                      2. Letting-off and Taking-up
                        1. Warp Tension Control
                          1. Fabric Formation
                        2. The Loom
                          1. Basic Loom Components
                            1. Warp Beam
                              1. Warp Preparation
                                1. Tension Systems
                                2. Heddles
                                  1. Types and Materials
                                    1. Threading Process
                                    2. Reed
                                      1. Reed Count
                                        1. Spacing Function
                                        2. Shuttle
                                          1. Shuttle Design
                                            1. Bobbin Systems
                                            2. Cloth Beam
                                              1. Fabric Take-up
                                                1. Tension Control
                                                2. Let-off Motion
                                                  1. Warp Release Mechanisms
                                                  2. Take-up Motion
                                                    1. Fabric Winding Systems
                                                  3. Types of Looms
                                                    1. Hand Looms
                                                      1. Traditional Designs
                                                        1. Cultural Variations
                                                        2. Power Looms
                                                          1. Mechanical Drive Systems
                                                            1. Automation Features
                                                            2. Shuttle Looms
                                                              1. Conventional Shuttle Systems
                                                                1. Limitations and Advantages
                                                                2. Shuttleless Looms
                                                                  1. Air-Jet Looms
                                                                    1. Air Flow Systems
                                                                      1. Weft Insertion Mechanism
                                                                      2. Water-Jet Looms
                                                                        1. Water Propulsion
                                                                          1. Suitable Yarn Types
                                                                          2. Rapier Looms
                                                                            1. Rigid Rapier Systems
                                                                              1. Flexible Rapier Systems
                                                                              2. Projectile Looms
                                                                                1. Projectile Design
                                                                                  1. Catching Mechanisms
                                                                            2. Loom Preparation
                                                                              1. Warping
                                                                                1. Sectional Warping
                                                                                  1. Direct Warping
                                                                                    1. Warp Length Calculation
                                                                                    2. Sizing
                                                                                      1. Size Application
                                                                                        1. Drying Process
                                                                                          1. Size Removal
                                                                                          2. Drawing-in
                                                                                            1. Heddle Threading
                                                                                              1. Reed Drawing
                                                                                                1. Tie-up Process
                                                                                              2. Basic Weave Structures
                                                                                                1. Plain Weave
                                                                                                  1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                    1. Interlacement Pattern
                                                                                                      1. Variations
                                                                                                        1. Basket Weave
                                                                                                          1. 2x2 Basket
                                                                                                            1. 3x3 Basket
                                                                                                              1. Irregular Basket
                                                                                                              2. Rib Weave
                                                                                                                1. Warp Rib
                                                                                                                  1. Weft Rib
                                                                                                                    1. Balanced Rib
                                                                                                                    2. Canvas Weave
                                                                                                                      1. Heavy Plain Weave
                                                                                                                  2. Twill Weave
                                                                                                                    1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                      1. Twill Line Formation
                                                                                                                        1. Classification
                                                                                                                          1. Warp-faced Twill
                                                                                                                            1. Weft-faced Twill
                                                                                                                              1. Balanced Twill
                                                                                                                              2. Variations
                                                                                                                                1. Straight Twill
                                                                                                                                  1. Right-hand Twill
                                                                                                                                    1. Left-hand Twill
                                                                                                                                    2. Point Twill
                                                                                                                                      1. Diamond Effects
                                                                                                                                        1. Herringbone
                                                                                                                                        2. Skip Twill
                                                                                                                                          1. Broken Twill Effects
                                                                                                                                          2. Steep Twill
                                                                                                                                            1. High Angle Twills
                                                                                                                                            2. Denim
                                                                                                                                              1. 3/1 Twill Structure
                                                                                                                                                1. Indigo Dyeing
                                                                                                                                            3. Satin and Sateen Weaves
                                                                                                                                              1. Structure and Luster
                                                                                                                                                1. Float Length
                                                                                                                                                  1. Differences between Satin and Sateen
                                                                                                                                                    1. Variations
                                                                                                                                                      1. 5-Shaft Satin
                                                                                                                                                        1. 8-Shaft Satin
                                                                                                                                                          1. Irregular Satin
                                                                                                                                                      2. Complex Weave Structures
                                                                                                                                                        1. Dobby Weaves
                                                                                                                                                          1. Dobby Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                            1. Small Geometric Patterns
                                                                                                                                                              1. Design Limitations
                                                                                                                                                              2. Jacquard Weaves
                                                                                                                                                                1. Jacquard Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Large Intricate Designs
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Card Programming
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electronic Jacquard
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brocade Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Damask Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pile Weaves
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pile Formation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cut Pile vs. Loop Pile
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Velvet
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Warp Pile Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cutting Process
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Corduroy
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Weft Pile Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wales Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Terrycloth
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Loop Pile Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Absorbency Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Carpet Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wilton Weave
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Axminster Weave
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Leno Weave
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Doup Heddle System
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Open Mesh Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Uses and Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Double Cloth
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Two-Layer Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Binding Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Crepe Weaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Irregular Interlacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Surface Texture Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fabric Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weave Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Visual Analysis Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pick Glass Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Unraveling Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Thread Count Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Warp and Weft Count
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Counting Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cover Factor Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fabric Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Porosity Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Knitting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Knitting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Loop Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Needle Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Yarn Path
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Loop Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Head and Legs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sinker Loops
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Wales and Courses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vertical Loop Columns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Horizontal Loop Rows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Knit Notation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symbolic Representation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stitch Diagrams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Weft Knitting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Weft Knitting Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Circular Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Single Jersey Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Double Jersey Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rib Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interlock Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Flatbed Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. V-bed Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Purl Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fully Fashioned Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Needle Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Latch Needles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Compound Needles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spring Bearded Needles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Basic Weft Knit Stitches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Knit Stitch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clear Loop Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Face and Back Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Purl Stitch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reverse Loop Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Texture Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tuck Stitch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Held Loop Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Width and Thickness Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Miss (Float) Stitch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Yarn Float Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pattern Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Common Weft Knit Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Jersey (Single Knit)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Curling Tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Rib Knit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 1x1 Rib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 2x2 Rib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Irregular Ribs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elasticity Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Interlock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Double Jersey Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stability Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. French Terry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Loop Pile Back
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Absorbency Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fleece
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Brushed Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Insulation Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Piqué
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Textured Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dimensional Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Weft Knit Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Jacquard Knits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Color Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Intarsia Technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cable Knits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crossed Stitch Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Three-dimensional Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pointelle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lace-like Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Eyelet Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Warp Knitting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Warp Knitting Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tricot Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bearded Needle Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Guide Bar Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Raschel Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Latch Needle Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pattern Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Crochet Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Specialized Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Guide Bar Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Front Guide Bars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Back Guide Bars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shogging Motions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Common Warp Knit Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tricot
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Basic Tricot Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Properties and Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Raschel Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Open Work Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Decorative Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Power Net
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stretch Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Foundation Garments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Milanese
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diagonal Rib Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Run-resistant Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Warp Knit Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Atlas Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Complex Interlacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Laid-in Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Yarn Insertion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reinforcement Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Knit Fabric Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stretch and Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Elasticity Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Dimensional Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Relaxation Shrinkage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Porosity and Air Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Loop Structure Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Comfort Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Drape and Hand
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flexibility Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aesthetic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Knit Fabric Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dropped Stitches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes and Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Repair Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Holes and Runs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Uneven Dyeing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tension Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Processing Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Non-Woven Fabrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Web Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dry-Laid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carding Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Air-Laying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Garnett Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wet-Laid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Paper-Making Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fiber Suspension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sheet Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spun-Laid (Spunbond)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polymer Extrusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Filament Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Web Laying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Melt-Blown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. High-Velocity Air
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Microfiber Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Filter Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Web Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Needle-punching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barbed Needle Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fiber Entanglement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Density Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hydroentangling (Spunlace)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. High-Pressure Water Jets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fiber Interlocking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Absorbent Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Stitch Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thread Insertion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reinforcement Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Thermal Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hot Air Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calendar Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ultrasonic Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Point Bonding Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Chemical Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Adhesive Application
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Latex Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Solvent Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resin Impregnation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Non-Woven Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Disposable Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diapers and Hygiene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Medical Disposables
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wipes and Towels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Air Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Liquid Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Industrial Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Geotextiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drainage Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Automotive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Interior Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Insulation Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Other Fabric Construction Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Braiding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Braiding Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carrier Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Interlacing Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Types of Braids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flat Braids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Two-Dimensional Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Decorative Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tubular Braids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Three-Dimensional Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rope and Cord Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Solid Braids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Core Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High-Strength Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Braiding Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maypole Braiders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rotary Braiders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Computerized Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tufting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tufting Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Needle Insertion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Loop Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Backing Material
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Carpet and Pile Fabric Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Loop Pile Carpets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cut Pile Carpets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Combination Textures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Tufting Machines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Multi-needle Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pattern Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lace Making
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Handmade Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bobbin Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Needle Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tatting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crochet Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Machine-Made Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Leavers Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Raschel Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Embroidered Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Lace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Felting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wet Felting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fiber Matting Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Heat and Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Agitation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Needle Felting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Barbed Needle Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dry Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sculptural Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Industrial Felting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pressed Felts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Technical Applications

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Yarn Production (Spinning)

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5. Textile Finishing