Soils Geography

  1. Soil Formation Processes and Factors
    1. Factors of Soil Formation
      1. Climate
        1. Precipitation Effects
          1. Leaching Intensity
            1. Weathering Rates
              1. Organic Matter Accumulation
              2. Temperature Influence
                1. Chemical Reaction Rates
                  1. Biological Activity
                    1. Evapotranspiration
                    2. Seasonal Patterns
                      1. Wet-Dry Cycles
                        1. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
                      2. Organisms
                        1. Vegetation Influence
                          1. Litter Quality and Quantity
                            1. Root Distribution
                              1. Nutrient Uptake Patterns
                              2. Microbial Communities
                                1. Decomposition Rates
                                  1. Biochemical Processes
                                  2. Soil Fauna Effects
                                    1. Mixing and Transport
                                      1. Aggregate Formation
                                      2. Human Activities
                                        1. Land Use Changes
                                          1. Agricultural Practices
                                            1. Urban Development
                                          2. Relief and Topography
                                            1. Slope Gradient
                                              1. Erosion Rates
                                                1. Water Movement
                                                  1. Soil Thickness
                                                  2. Slope Aspect
                                                    1. Solar Radiation
                                                      1. Moisture Patterns
                                                        1. Vegetation Differences
                                                        2. Landscape Position
                                                          1. Summit Positions
                                                            1. Shoulder Slopes
                                                              1. Backslopes
                                                                1. Footslopes
                                                                  1. Toeslopes
                                                                  2. Elevation Effects
                                                                    1. Temperature Gradients
                                                                      1. Precipitation Changes
                                                                    2. Parent Material
                                                                      1. Residual Materials
                                                                        1. In-Situ Weathering
                                                                          1. Bedrock Influence
                                                                          2. Transported Materials
                                                                            1. Alluvial Deposits
                                                                              1. Colluvial Materials
                                                                                1. Glacial Deposits
                                                                                  1. Eolian Materials
                                                                                    1. Marine Sediments
                                                                                      1. Lacustrine Deposits
                                                                                      2. Material Properties
                                                                                        1. Mineral Composition
                                                                                          1. Texture
                                                                                            1. Chemical Composition
                                                                                          2. Time
                                                                                            1. Soil Development Stages
                                                                                              1. Initial Stages
                                                                                                1. Progressive Development
                                                                                                  1. Steady State
                                                                                                    1. Retrogressive Phases
                                                                                                    2. Chronosequences
                                                                                                      1. Glacial Chronosequences
                                                                                                        1. Marine Terrace Sequences
                                                                                                          1. Volcanic Chronosequences
                                                                                                      2. Fundamental Pedogenic Processes
                                                                                                        1. Additions to Soil
                                                                                                          1. Organic Matter Input
                                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                              1. Sediment Deposition
                                                                                                                1. Water Input
                                                                                                                2. Losses from Soil
                                                                                                                  1. Leaching
                                                                                                                    1. Erosion
                                                                                                                      1. Volatilization
                                                                                                                        1. Plant Uptake
                                                                                                                        2. Translocations within Soil
                                                                                                                          1. Eluviation
                                                                                                                            1. Illuviation
                                                                                                                              1. Lateral Movement
                                                                                                                                1. Bioturbation
                                                                                                                                2. Transformations in Soil
                                                                                                                                  1. Weathering Reactions
                                                                                                                                    1. Synthesis Reactions
                                                                                                                                      1. Humification
                                                                                                                                        1. Redox Reactions

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                                                                                                                                    5. Biological Properties and Soil Organisms

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                                                                                                                                    7. Soil Morphology and Profile Description