Soils Geography

  1. Physical Properties of Soil
    1. Soil Texture
      1. Particle Size Classification
        1. Sand Fraction
          1. Coarse Sand
            1. Medium Sand
              1. Fine Sand
                1. Very Fine Sand
                2. Silt Fraction
                  1. Properties and Behavior
                  2. Clay Fraction
                    1. Surface Area Implications
                      1. Chemical Activity
                    2. Textural Classification Systems
                      1. USDA Textural Triangle
                        1. International Systems
                          1. Field Estimation Methods
                          2. Texture Determination Methods
                            1. Hydrometer Method
                              1. Pipette Method
                                1. Laser Diffraction
                                  1. Field Feel Method
                                2. Soil Structure
                                  1. Aggregate Formation
                                    1. Binding Agents
                                      1. Wetting and Drying Cycles
                                        1. Freeze-Thaw Effects
                                          1. Biological Activity
                                          2. Structural Types
                                            1. Granular Structure
                                              1. Crumb Formation
                                                1. Stability Factors
                                                2. Platy Structure
                                                  1. Compaction Effects
                                                    1. Natural Formation
                                                    2. Blocky Structure
                                                      1. Angular Blocky
                                                        1. Subangular Blocky
                                                          1. Formation Processes
                                                          2. Prismatic Structure
                                                            1. Columnar Variants
                                                              1. Subsurface Occurrence
                                                              2. Structureless Conditions
                                                                1. Single Grain
                                                                  1. Massive Structure
                                                                2. Structure Assessment
                                                                  1. Grade Evaluation
                                                                    1. Size Classification
                                                                      1. Stability Testing
                                                                    2. Soil Color
                                                                      1. Color Formation Factors
                                                                        1. Organic Matter Influence
                                                                          1. Iron Oxide Effects
                                                                            1. Moisture Content
                                                                              1. Parent Material
                                                                              2. Munsell Color System
                                                                                1. Hue Designation
                                                                                  1. Value Measurement
                                                                                    1. Chroma Assessment
                                                                                      1. Color Notation
                                                                                      2. Color Interpretation
                                                                                        1. Drainage Indicators
                                                                                          1. Fertility Implications
                                                                                            1. Horizon Identification
                                                                                          2. Soil Density and Porosity
                                                                                            1. Bulk Density
                                                                                              1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                1. Typical Values
                                                                                                  1. Management Effects
                                                                                                  2. Particle Density
                                                                                                    1. Mineral Composition Effects
                                                                                                      1. Organic Matter Influence
                                                                                                      2. Porosity Characteristics
                                                                                                        1. Total Porosity
                                                                                                          1. Macroporosity
                                                                                                            1. Microporosity
                                                                                                              1. Pore Size Distribution
                                                                                                            2. Soil Consistency
                                                                                                              1. Moisture-Dependent Properties
                                                                                                                1. Liquid Limit
                                                                                                                  1. Plastic Limit
                                                                                                                    1. Plasticity Index
                                                                                                                    2. Field Assessment
                                                                                                                      1. Wet Consistency
                                                                                                                        1. Moist Consistency
                                                                                                                          1. Dry Consistency
                                                                                                                          2. Engineering Applications
                                                                                                                            1. Bearing Capacity
                                                                                                                              1. Compaction Susceptibility
                                                                                                                            2. Soil Temperature Regime
                                                                                                                              1. Heat Transfer Processes
                                                                                                                                1. Conduction
                                                                                                                                  1. Convection
                                                                                                                                    1. Radiation
                                                                                                                                    2. Temperature Variation
                                                                                                                                      1. Diurnal Cycles
                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                          1. Depth Relationships
                                                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Temperature
                                                                                                                                            1. Surface Cover
                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Moisture
                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Properties

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                                                                                                                                            2. Soil Composition and Components

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                                                                                                                                            4. Chemical Properties of Soil