Seismology and Earthquake Engineering

4.

Seismic Wave Theory and Propagation

4.1.

Wave Fundamentals

4.1.1.

4.1.2.

Wave Parameters

4.1.2.1.

4.1.2.2.

4.1.2.3.

Period and Frequency

4.1.2.4.

Phase and Group Velocity

4.1.3.

4.1.4.

Wave Superposition

4.2.

4.2.1.

P-Waves (Primary Waves)

4.2.1.1.

Particle Motion Characteristics

4.2.1.2.

Velocity Relationships

4.2.1.3.

Propagation Properties

4.2.2.

S-Waves (Secondary Waves)

4.2.2.1.

Particle Motion Characteristics

4.2.2.2.

Velocity Relationships

4.2.2.3.

4.2.2.4.

SH and SV Components

4.3.

4.3.1.

4.3.1.1.

Formation Conditions

4.3.1.2.

Particle Motion

4.3.1.3.

Dispersion Characteristics

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

Formation Conditions

4.3.2.2.

Particle Motion

4.3.2.3.

Dispersion Characteristics

4.4.

Wave Propagation Effects

4.4.1.

Geometric Spreading

4.4.1.1.

Spherical Spreading

4.4.1.2.

Cylindrical Spreading

4.4.2.

Anelastic Attenuation

4.4.2.1.

4.4.2.2.

Frequency Dependence

4.4.3.

Scattering Effects

4.4.3.1.

Forward Scattering

4.4.3.2.

4.4.3.3.

Multiple Scattering

4.4.4.

Reflection and Refraction

4.4.4.1.

Interface Conditions

4.4.4.2.

Critical Angles

4.4.4.3.

Converted Waves

4.5.

Travel-Time Analysis

4.5.1.

Travel-Time Curves

4.5.2.

Velocity Models

4.5.3.

Ray Theory Applications

4.5.4.

Earthquake Location Methods

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3. The Earthquake Source

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5. Seismic Instrumentation and Data Analysis