Seismology and Earthquake Engineering

  1. Seismic Retrofit Strategies
    1. Retrofit Objectives
      1. Life Safety Upgrade
        1. Damage Reduction
          1. Functional Improvement
          2. Strengthening Techniques
            1. Adding Lateral Elements
              1. Strengthening Existing Elements
                1. Improving Connections
                2. Stiffening Approaches
                  1. Reducing Flexibility
                    1. Controlling Deformations
                    2. Ductility Enhancement
                      1. Confinement Addition
                        1. Detailing Improvements
                        2. Isolation and Damping Retrofit
                          1. Base Isolation Retrofit
                            1. Damper Installation
                            2. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                              1. Economic Evaluation
                                1. Risk Reduction Assessment

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                              18. Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings

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                              20. Post-Earthquake Response and Recovery