Sampling Theory

Sampling theory is the statistical study of selecting a subset of individuals (a sample) from within a population to estimate the characteristics of the whole population. Rather than studying every single member, which is often impractical or impossible, this theory provides the principles and techniques—such as random, stratified, and cluster sampling—for drawing a representative sample. It allows researchers to make valid inferences and generalizations about the larger group while also providing the mathematical tools to quantify the degree of uncertainty, known as sampling error, associated with those conclusions.