Research Methods in Geography

  1. Geospatial Data and Technologies
    1. Geographic Information Systems
      1. GIS Fundamentals
        1. Spatial Data Concepts
          1. Geographic Features
            1. Spatial Relationships
              1. Coordinate Systems
                1. Map Projections
                2. Data Models
                  1. Vector Data Model
                    1. Raster Data Model
                      1. Object-oriented Model
                        1. Network Data Model
                        2. Database Concepts
                          1. Spatial Databases
                            1. Attribute Tables
                              1. Relational Structures
                                1. Spatial Indexing
                              2. Vector Data Analysis
                                1. Point Analysis
                                  1. Point Pattern Analysis
                                    1. Density Calculations
                                      1. Clustering Detection
                                        1. Nearest Neighbor Analysis
                                        2. Line Analysis
                                          1. Network Analysis
                                            1. Connectivity Analysis
                                              1. Flow Analysis
                                                1. Route Optimization
                                                2. Polygon Analysis
                                                  1. Area Calculations
                                                    1. Overlay Operations
                                                      1. Spatial Joins
                                                        1. Boundary Analysis
                                                        2. Spatial Operations
                                                          1. Buffering
                                                            1. Clipping
                                                              1. Intersecting
                                                                1. Merging
                                                              2. Raster Data Analysis
                                                                1. Raster Fundamentals
                                                                  1. Cell Size and Resolution
                                                                    1. Data Types
                                                                      1. Coordinate Systems
                                                                        1. Resampling Methods
                                                                        2. Map Algebra
                                                                          1. Local Operations
                                                                            1. Focal Operations
                                                                              1. Zonal Operations
                                                                                1. Global Operations
                                                                                2. Surface Analysis
                                                                                  1. Elevation Models
                                                                                    1. Slope and Aspect
                                                                                      1. Viewshed Analysis
                                                                                        1. Watershed Delineation
                                                                                        2. Raster Classification
                                                                                          1. Supervised Classification
                                                                                            1. Unsupervised Classification
                                                                                              1. Accuracy Assessment
                                                                                                1. Change Detection
                                                                                              2. Spatial Data Quality
                                                                                                1. Data Quality Components
                                                                                                  1. Positional Accuracy
                                                                                                    1. Attribute Accuracy
                                                                                                      1. Completeness
                                                                                                        1. Logical Consistency
                                                                                                          1. Temporal Quality
                                                                                                          2. Error Sources
                                                                                                            1. Data Collection Errors
                                                                                                              1. Processing Errors
                                                                                                                1. Conversion Errors
                                                                                                                  1. Propagation Effects
                                                                                                                  2. Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                    1. Accuracy Testing
                                                                                                                      1. Validation Methods
                                                                                                                        1. Uncertainty Analysis
                                                                                                                          1. Metadata Documentation
                                                                                                                      2. Remote Sensing
                                                                                                                        1. Physical Principles
                                                                                                                          1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
                                                                                                                            1. Wavelength Regions
                                                                                                                              1. Atmospheric Windows
                                                                                                                                1. Spectral Signatures
                                                                                                                                  1. Reflectance Properties
                                                                                                                                  2. Energy Interactions
                                                                                                                                    1. Absorption
                                                                                                                                      1. Reflection
                                                                                                                                        1. Transmission
                                                                                                                                          1. Emission
                                                                                                                                          2. Atmospheric Effects
                                                                                                                                            1. Scattering
                                                                                                                                              1. Absorption
                                                                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Correction
                                                                                                                                                  1. Path Radiance
                                                                                                                                                2. Sensor Systems
                                                                                                                                                  1. Passive Sensors
                                                                                                                                                    1. Optical Sensors
                                                                                                                                                      1. Thermal Sensors
                                                                                                                                                        1. Microwave Radiometers
                                                                                                                                                          1. Hyperspectral Sensors
                                                                                                                                                          2. Active Sensors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Radar Systems
                                                                                                                                                              1. LiDAR Systems
                                                                                                                                                                1. Sonar Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laser Altimeters
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Platform Types
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Satellite Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aircraft Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                        1. UAV Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ground-based Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Image Processing
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Preprocessing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Radiometric Correction
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Geometric Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Noise Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Enhancement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contrast Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Filtering
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spectral Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Temporal Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Classification Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pixel-based Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Object-based Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Machine Learning Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hybrid Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Change Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Image Differencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ratio Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principal Component Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Time Series Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Land Cover Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Classification Schemes
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Accuracy Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Change Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vegetation Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disaster Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Climate Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Urban Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Urban Growth Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Infrastructure Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Island Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Global Positioning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. GPS Fundamentals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. System Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Space Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Control Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. User Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Positioning Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trilateration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Time Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Satellite Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dilution of Precision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Coordinate Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. WGS84 Datum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Local Datums
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coordinate Transformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Height Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. GPS Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receiver Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mapping Receivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Survey Receivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Timing Receivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Field Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mission Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Collection Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Post-processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Data Formats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. RINEX Format
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. NMEA Format
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Proprietary Formats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exchange Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Accuracy and Precision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Error Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Satellite Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Atmospheric Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Receiver Errors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Multipath Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Accuracy Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Differential GPS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Real-time Kinematic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Post-processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Augmentation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Precision Estimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Accuracy Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Statistical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Uncertainty Quantification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Emerging Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. UAV Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fixed-wing UAVs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rotary-wing UAVs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Autonomous Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sensor Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Optical Cameras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Multispectral Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thermal Cameras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. LiDAR Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Flight Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mission Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flight Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Compliance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Data Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Image Mosaicking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 3D Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Point Cloud Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Automated Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mobile GIS and Location-Based Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mobile Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Smartphones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tablets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dedicated Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wearable Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Location Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. GPS Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Network-based Positioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensor Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indoor Positioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Field Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Real-time Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Location Analytics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Big Data and Cloud Computing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Big Data Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Volume
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Variety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Veracity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cloud Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Infrastructure as a Service
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Platform as a Service
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Software as a Service
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Geospatial Cloud Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Processing Frameworks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Distributed Computing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Parallel Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stream Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Machine Learning Platforms

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5. Data Analysis and Interpretation