Real-Time Systems

  1. Fault Tolerance and Reliability
    1. Fault Models and Classification
      1. Fault Types
        1. Transient Faults
          1. Permanent Faults
            1. Intermittent Faults
            2. Failure Modes
              1. Crash Failures
                1. Omission Failures
                  1. Byzantine Failures
                2. Redundancy Techniques
                  1. Hardware Redundancy
                    1. Dual Modular Redundancy
                      1. Triple Modular Redundancy
                        1. N-Modular Redundancy
                        2. Software Redundancy
                          1. N-Version Programming
                            1. Recovery Blocks
                              1. Consensus Recovery Blocks
                              2. Time Redundancy
                                1. Re-Execution Strategies
                                  1. Rollback and Retry
                                  2. Information Redundancy
                                    1. Error Detection Codes
                                      1. Error Correction Codes
                                    2. Error Detection and Recovery
                                      1. Error Detection Mechanisms
                                        1. Watchdog Timers
                                          1. Checksum and Error Correction
                                            1. Assertion Checking
                                            2. Recovery Mechanisms
                                              1. Forward Error Recovery
                                                1. Backward Error Recovery
                                                  1. Compensation Error Recovery
                                                  2. Checkpointing and Rollback
                                                    1. Checkpoint Placement
                                                      1. Rollback Recovery Procedures
                                                        1. Coordinated Checkpointing
                                                      2. Dependability Analysis
                                                        1. Reliability Modeling
                                                          1. Markov Models
                                                            1. Fault Trees
                                                              1. Reliability Block Diagrams
                                                              2. Availability Analysis
                                                                1. Mean Time to Failure
                                                                  1. Mean Time to Repair
                                                                    1. Availability Calculations
                                                                    2. Safety Analysis
                                                                      1. Hazard Analysis
                                                                        1. Risk Assessment
                                                                          1. Safety Integrity Levels

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                                                                      9. Verification and Validation

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                                                                      1. Fundamentals of Real-Time Systems