Real-Time Analytics and Stream Processing

  1. Fundamental Concepts
    1. Events and Streams
      1. Event Definition and Structure
        1. Atomic Units of Information
          1. Immutable Nature
            1. Temporal Significance
            2. Event Structure and Schema
              1. Event Metadata
                1. Timestamps
                  1. Source Information
                    1. Event Identifiers
                    2. Payload and Attributes
                      1. Business Data
                        1. Context Information
                          1. Routing Keys
                        2. Data Boundedness
                          1. Unbounded vs Bounded Data
                            1. Infinite Stream Characteristics
                              1. Finite Dataset Properties
                              2. Handling Bounded Data in Streaming Systems
                                1. Batch-like Processing
                                  1. Completion Detection
                              3. Time Concepts in Stream Processing
                                1. Event Time
                                  1. Definition and Importance
                                    1. When Events Actually Occurred
                                      1. Business Logic Relevance
                                      2. Extracting Event Time from Data
                                        1. Timestamp Fields
                                          1. Time Zone Considerations
                                            1. Clock Synchronization
                                          2. Ingestion Time
                                            1. System-Assigned Timestamps
                                              1. Source System Timestamps
                                                1. Message Queue Timestamps
                                                2. Use Cases and Limitations
                                                  1. Processing Order Tracking
                                                    1. Latency Measurement
                                                  2. Processing Time
                                                    1. Time of Processing by System
                                                      1. Wall Clock Time
                                                        1. System Resource Availability
                                                        2. Implications for Analytics
                                                          1. Non-Deterministic Results
                                                            1. Debugging Challenges
                                                        3. Watermarks and Late Data
                                                          1. Watermark Concepts
                                                            1. Event Time Progress Indicators
                                                              1. Completeness Estimation
                                                                1. Processing Triggers
                                                                2. Watermark Generation Strategies
                                                                  1. Heuristic-Based Generation
                                                                    1. Perfect Watermarks
                                                                      1. Periodic Watermarks
                                                                    2. Late-Arriving Data Management
                                                                      1. Causes of Late Data
                                                                        1. Network Delays
                                                                          1. System Failures
                                                                            1. Mobile Device Connectivity
                                                                            2. Strategies for Managing Late Events
                                                                              1. Allowed Lateness Windows
                                                                                1. Side Output Handling
                                                                                  1. Reprocessing Triggers
                                                                              2. State Management in Streaming
                                                                                1. Stateful vs Stateless Operations
                                                                                  1. Stateless Transformations
                                                                                    1. Map Operations
                                                                                      1. Filter Operations
                                                                                        1. Independent Record Processing
                                                                                        2. Stateful Computations
                                                                                          1. Aggregations
                                                                                            1. Joins
                                                                                              1. Pattern Detection
                                                                                            2. Importance of State Management
                                                                                              1. Use Cases for State
                                                                                                1. Running Totals
                                                                                                  1. Session Tracking
                                                                                                    1. Machine Learning Models
                                                                                                    2. Challenges in State Handling
                                                                                                      1. Memory Management
                                                                                                        1. Fault Tolerance
                                                                                                          1. Scalability Concerns
                                                                                                      2. Windowing Concepts
                                                                                                        1. Need for Windowed Computations
                                                                                                          1. Aggregating Over Time Intervals
                                                                                                            1. Bounded Computation Scope
                                                                                                              1. Memory Management
                                                                                                              2. Use Cases for Windowing
                                                                                                                1. Time-Based Analytics
                                                                                                                  1. Session Analysis
                                                                                                                    1. Rate Limiting
                                                                                                                  2. Window Types
                                                                                                                    1. Tumbling Windows
                                                                                                                      1. Fixed-Length Non-Overlapping Windows
                                                                                                                        1. Aligned Time Boundaries
                                                                                                                          1. Use Cases and Examples
                                                                                                                          2. Sliding Windows
                                                                                                                            1. Overlapping Windows with Slide Interval
                                                                                                                              1. Continuous Updates
                                                                                                                                1. Smooth Metric Calculation
                                                                                                                                2. Session Windows
                                                                                                                                  1. Dynamic Windows Based on Activity
                                                                                                                                    1. Gap-Based Termination
                                                                                                                                      1. User Session Tracking
                                                                                                                                      2. Global Windows
                                                                                                                                        1. Unbounded Single Window
                                                                                                                                          1. Custom Triggering Logic
                                                                                                                                        2. Triggers and Eviction Policies
                                                                                                                                          1. Triggering Output from Windows
                                                                                                                                            1. Time-Based Triggers
                                                                                                                                              1. Count-Based Triggers
                                                                                                                                                1. Custom Trigger Logic
                                                                                                                                                2. Evicting Data from Windows
                                                                                                                                                  1. Memory Optimization
                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Retention Policies

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                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Stream Processing

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                                                                                                                                              3. System Architectures for Real-Time Data