Quaternary Geology

  1. Applied Quaternary Geology
    1. Geoarchaeology
      1. Site Formation Processes
        1. Natural Processes
          1. Cultural Processes
            1. Post-Depositional Changes
            2. Landscape Reconstruction
              1. Paleotopography
                1. Paleoenvironments
                  1. Resource Availability
                  2. Dating Archaeological Sites
                    1. Stratigraphic Context
                      1. Associated Materials
                        1. Chronological Frameworks
                        2. Environmental Archaeology
                          1. Subsistence Strategies
                            1. Climate-Culture Interactions
                              1. Settlement Patterns
                            2. Natural Hazard Assessment
                              1. Paleoseismology
                                1. Fault Trenching
                                  1. Liquefaction Features
                                    1. Tsunami Deposits
                                      1. Recurrence Intervals
                                      2. Volcanic Hazards
                                        1. Eruption Histories
                                          1. Tephra Fall Deposits
                                            1. Pyroclastic Flow Deposits
                                              1. Lahar Deposits
                                              2. Flood Hazards
                                                1. Paleoflood Records
                                                  1. Slackwater Deposits
                                                    1. Flood Frequency Analysis
                                                      1. Dam Break Floods
                                                      2. Mass Wasting Hazards
                                                        1. Landslide Inventories
                                                          1. Triggering Mechanisms
                                                            1. Recurrence Patterns
                                                              1. Susceptibility Mapping
                                                            2. Resource Exploration
                                                              1. Groundwater Resources
                                                                1. Aquifer Characterization
                                                                  1. Recharge Mechanisms
                                                                    1. Water Quality Assessment
                                                                      1. Sustainable Yield
                                                                      2. Aggregate Resources
                                                                        1. Sand and Gravel Deposits
                                                                          1. Quality Assessment
                                                                            1. Environmental Impact
                                                                              1. Restoration Planning
                                                                              2. Placer Deposits
                                                                                1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Exploration Methods
                                                                                    1. Economic Evaluation
                                                                                      1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                    2. Engineering Applications
                                                                                      1. Foundation Engineering
                                                                                        1. Soil Properties
                                                                                          1. Bearing Capacity
                                                                                            1. Settlement Analysis
                                                                                              1. Permafrost Considerations
                                                                                              2. Slope Stability
                                                                                                1. Failure Mechanisms
                                                                                                  1. Stability Analysis
                                                                                                    1. Mitigation Measures
                                                                                                    2. Coastal Engineering
                                                                                                      1. Erosion Processes
                                                                                                        1. Protection Structures
                                                                                                          1. Beach Nourishment
                                                                                                            1. Managed Retreat
                                                                                                          2. Environmental Management
                                                                                                            1. Land Use Planning
                                                                                                              1. Hazard Zonation
                                                                                                                1. Suitability Assessment
                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Impact
                                                                                                                    1. Sustainable Development
                                                                                                                    2. Climate Change Adaptation
                                                                                                                      1. Sea-Level Rise Planning
                                                                                                                        1. Permafrost Degradation
                                                                                                                          1. Extreme Event Preparation
                                                                                                                            1. Ecosystem Management
                                                                                                                            2. Contamination Assessment
                                                                                                                              1. Contaminant Transport
                                                                                                                                1. Natural Attenuation
                                                                                                                                  1. Remediation Strategies
                                                                                                                                    1. Long-Term Monitoring

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                                                                                                                                7. Quaternary Biogeography and Paleoecology

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                                                                                                                                1. Foundations of Quaternary Science